GMS Page 1

PART 1

GRAVITY MADE SIMPLE

This article tries to visualize our universe in a different way.

It shows how gravity became a part of it.

Gravity is one of the simplest things in our lives. It holds the earth, sun and the universe together. Without it we could not exist. We grew up with it. We think little about what it does in our lives until we fall and hurt ourselves, but even then we think little of it. Gravity has been with us from the day we were born so there has been little reason to question what it is. For millions of years little thought was given to why we can stand on the earth and never fall off or to the fact that the moon just stays there leisurely hanging in the sky and not falling. While most people do not think of these things some do. Einstein believed the universe to be simple and rejected theories that did not meet this principle. I agree with him. It is easy to over-complicate the simplest of things. Therefore, I developed this description of gravity along those lines. I hope you will enjoy it.

In my explanation I use the Superstring theory because it fits my idea of how the universe is put together. It also explains the beginning of the universe and some of its internal workings.

I also do not start out with explaining gravity directly because gravity is a product of several physical laws and understanding them is as important as gravity itself. The Big Bang is where it all began so I refer to it throughout this article.

In our universe there are a few basic laws which we must keep in mind at all times. First, the speed of light is a constant in your personal reference frame. Second, the conservation of energy and mass is paramount. Third, energy is always in motion and fourth, energy can only be changed in form but never eliminated or destroyed.

Heat

What does heat have to do with gravity? First of all, heat has a great deal to do with a lot of things. We live in an environment where zero degrees Celsius freezes water and absolute zero is minus 273.18 degrees Celsius. All living things that we know about live in a very small temperature segment of the total temperature range which we believe to be around 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.0 degrees Kelvin to zero or there about. You might say it is the temperature from the Big Bang to absolute zero. A mere hundred degrees out of this temperature range makes us pretty special.

Heat is described to us as a form of radiation, much like light but at a different frequency. This radiation called infrared is absorbed by objects causing them to vibrate. This vibration continues until the heat is re-radiated away from the object. When all heat is removed from an object it will be at the temperature called absolute zero. Now when an object is heated to the temperature of the big bang, the object is torn into electrons, protons and neutrons and then into quarks and strings, (to some people quarks and strings are the same thing.) that is if we consider strings the smallest possible particles. You might ask why heat does this and I can=t give you that answer. And no one else can either. But whatever heat is it effects all mass, all particles and all things no matter what state they are in, from black holes to empty space. Heat cannot be locked out and will effect the stability of mass clear down to its smallest level.

If we lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero, the electrons orbiting the nucleus of the atom still continue to orbit the nucleus. The electrons do not stop and fall into the nucleus. Freezing only takes a form of energy away from an object; it does not stop its motion. Therefore, no matter what we do to the atom it still has a fixed energy level and heating only adds to that level. This all really means that the basic energy of the atom is never lost. You might say that the atom at absolute zero is in a flat space, a space with no curvature or distortions, so the atom behaves without bothering its neighbors. You might conclude that when heat is added to a particle the particle reacts by distorting the space the particle occupies causing it to move erratically.

The exact mechanism is not important here; it is the fact that if you add heat energy to any particle in free space it will pull itself around in different directions causing it to wobble. What is important is that the heat is causing the imbalance.

If you were to bottle up heat in a perfectly insulated container the heat would remain there forever. Here the energy in the string becomes important because this basic energy is constant and has a sphere of influence well beyond the string itself and once heat is added to it, it will remain with the string indefinitely. One of the spheres of influence (caused by the presence of mass) is the space distortion or gravity which extends out into the universe. When these spheres are put under pressure from other strings they fight back with a repulsive force. In a way the same thing happens when atoms are pushed together. The result is heat but what we call heat might really be something else. These are forces built into our basic structure.

Fabric

Most all theory of gravity employs the notions of warped or curved space and time which generally could be called the fabric of space. This implies that indeed there is such a fabric. In other words, in the space we are in, something exists. Either it was there before the Big Bang or it was created at the Big Bang. I believe in the former. So how did the energy get into this fabric of space to form our universe in the first place? It is believed that a ten dimensional space, which must have had a great deal of energy holding it together, broke apart releasing tremendous amounts of energy thus creating strings or causing existing strings to vibrate, creating mass and forming our universe.

Whatever the case may be, the energy manifested itself all at once and as far as we are concerned instantly. If it had manifested itself in our universe at the speed of light or slower, it would simply have dissipated not forming mass. When the energy was released into our universe, it found that there was nothing holding it back. It would be like instantly removing gravity from a black hole. All hell would break loose.

We know that a stick of dynamite contains pent-up energy. But as we hold it in our hand, we have nothing more than a piece of wrapped up cold material. All of its energy is held in check by other forces. We do not see the other forces but we know they are there because the dynamite does not explode or cause any harm. We also know that if we trigger the dynamite it will explode. Is space or the fabric made up of such a material that when triggered it will release vast amounts of energy, but in its basic form it is virtually harmless and the forces holding it in check are undetectable?

This makes us the product of the energy which was released into our universe, not the substance of the fabric of space where it might have come from. In my explanation you will see that gravity is a product of energy (mass), motion and time and not a separate entity by itself. You will see how this comes about as you read on.

We do know that once the energy was released into our universe its sole desire was to fill space. Why we do not know. We do not know if strings were formed by the energy released into our universe or if the strings were already in the fabric and just absorbed the energy much like adding heat to an object. It is believed the string itself has not mass and when energy is put into the string it vibrates and this vibration carries with it a number of properties and these properties started to manifest themselves as the expansion and cooling of the Big Bang took place causing the formation of mass, atoms and molecules. As mass formed it interacted with the fabric causing it to distort or change density. This coupling by the energy to the fabric was met with a resistance. Any force that causes an action in another force meets a resistance and uses energy while doing so.

A chain of events took place when mass was formed. Mass was brought about by the vibration of the string=s which distorted space. The distortion itself moved outward at the speed of light leaving the mass behind. From then on mass formed particles, atoms, and molecules from the other forces which came about. This you could call a separate chain of events from gravity. It was the mass energy itself that curved space causing gravity, not what the mass formed afterward.

There are some things at this point which seem to stand out. One is that all the energy of the universe was created at this time, and to us that is a lot of energy. Another is that once energy was created it can never be destroyed; you can only change its form, not its substance. This is something you have to remember because it governs everything that happens in our universe. Nothing could move, nothing could exist, no star could form, no planet could be created, no life could exist. The conservation of energy is paramount to our existence. It dictates why gravity itself exists. Whatever strings are they harbor energy. They are the carriers of energy, and this energy is forever as far as we're concerned, but it might not be forever as far as matter is concerned.

You could say that the energy inside the strings is separate from the string, like heat is separate from the atom. But in this case the basic string=s energy cannot be easily removed like heat to an atom=s energy can be added and taken away. But this energy in the string can easily get transferred from one string to another when work is done or mass is put into motion. It is this energy in the string that maintains the substance we call mass. Motion is caused by added energy or changing time and is not the basic energy that keeps the string vibrating.

There is another fact that we really think little about and that is that every bit of energy created by the Big Bang is still in the universe. No matter what events took place after the Big Bang the energy released never left the universe. It just was converted to other forms leaving all the energy still with us. Nothing leaves the universe. When matter and antimatter come together they release energy but the energy is not destroyed.

Our universe is an expanding bubble of energy into some unknown space. We are a bubble 30 to 40 billion light years in diameter. No radiation or gravity exceeds the bubble=s edge. Also this edge is not the present location of the main body of mass where our galaxies and stars are located. Remember, we are moving slowly away from the center of the Big Bang compared to the speed of light which radiation and gravity travel at.

Time

Time is a very elusive thing. It sounds so simple. Just look at a clock, a simple device to be sure. But what is time?

Time is a part of all life and a phenomenon taken for granted by all living things. Everything is judged and determined by its passage. It is used to calculate just about everything that happens in our life. It was thought of as a strict constant which never varied until Einstein determined that it was not a constant at all but a variable. It is now considered the fourth dimension and there are many questions about time and many illusions presented by time. It was determined that time varies whenever one is in motion or in a gravitational field, but is there something else that could vary time? See part 2. Basically these are the only two known things that change the durations of time. You might ask why do these two things affect time. Is there a connection between the two? But what could possibly connect motion and gravity?

Time to us, living things, is a series of events measured by our brains in small increments much like a movie film is made up of a series of picture segments that are flashed on a screen in rapid succession. These segments produce the effect of time and motion.

When we go to sleep at night we have no conscious measurement of time. We could have slept only a few minutes or many years and we would not know how much time had passed until we woke up. Time had stopped as far as our conscious mind was concerned. Time is also an arbitrary thing. What we consider a minute, hour or year has meaning only to those of us who live on this planet. To someone on another planet their year would be whatever they determined it to be. Our clocks and time standards are based on a number we have picked and nothing more. We decided that a year was the time taken for the planet Earth to go around the sun once. We decided that the day was the time it takes Earth to rotate once on its axis. We decided that the hour was one 24th of the day and the minute was one 60th of an hour. These increments are wholly based on our own desire to describe time and build a standard with which we need to describe events and record history. The number we ascribe to the speed of light only has meaning to us on this planet and only to each individual=s personal reference frame.

Time is relative in our minds as it is relative in space, but each is different. The time clock in our minds is based on the action and interplay of the atoms and molecules that make up our brain. This action is also determined by motion and the density of the fabric and by gravity. Somehow gravity and motion change the inside workings of matter and cause matter energy function to run at different rates. It is these rates that we use to measure time. The trouble is we cannot observe these changes. No matter what velocity we are at or what gravitational fields we are in, we would not know that time had changed.

Time to matter is a different thing. Matter has its own clock and matter could care less if we are around or not. It simply goes about its business without a care in the world. If you took a rock and left it on the ground it would still be a rock one million years from now and it would not know the difference nor would it care. Take the same rock and accelerate it to the speed of light and it would still be a rock and would not care if a billion years went by or not. The rock is wholly oblivious to anything we do to it. Why? Because it has no memory. It takes something with a memory to perceive time and that=s where living things are different.

At the speed of light time stops, that is time as we know it, but obviously time for the object that is traveling at or near the speed of light does not stop. Time also stops at the event horizon of a black hole due to the immense gravitational field density at that point in space. Does all this sound confusing? Well, it should, because time is confusing. It just does not seem that way until you really look at it.

Clocks and Time

To help describe time let us use a clock, the same thing you hang on the wall to tell time by. Does a clock know when it is at some velocity or in a gravitational field? The answer is no, but under these conditions it slows down anyway. When we accelerate a clock how does it know to slow down? You could say that it felt the acceleration. Is that what slowed the clock down? No, because when the clock stops accelerating it still will run slow compared to those that were not accelerated. But the real question is how does the clock know that it is traveling at all? And does it know the difference between velocity and a gravitational field for it slows down in both.

It is explained to us that it makes no difference which direction the clock is sent away from us. It will always slow down. This is relativity at its best. But this cannot be true if you could follow the clock. If I send a clock from the earth out into space it speeds up because it left the earth=s gravity field, then as I increase its velocity it slows down again. When I bring it back it speeds up to exactly the right speed to match the running speed of all the other clocks on earth. It only has lost time but it knows just how fast to run when it comes home. How did it know how to do this? Did it have some form of memory? No, but it does know its relative speed in the fabric of space.

The clock has to know somehow that if its velocity slows in space in the reverse direction from which it was traveling, its atoms= interaction increases, it loses energy of motion and time speeds up. If it did not know what its motion was in space it could not compensate by slowing down or speeding up and in which direction to do it in. There has to be some constant in space that supplies a reference. If there was not, the clock would not and could not run at the speed of the other clocks on the earth when it was brought back.

If I send a clock out from the earth does it know in which direction it is traveling? We can say that the clock does know what direction it is traveling because all energy travels in a straight line. Once an object is started in one direction it continues in that direction, for to change direction some other energy must be imposed. Now to really mess you up. Direction in space is relative but fixed to us. Send a clock out from the earth and at a right angle to the direction which the earth is traveling, then stop its outward travel so it will match the earth=s motions. The clock will have slowed down while going out, then it speeds back up when you stop it. If you check the clock=s speed you would find that it is running at the same rate as those on the earth. It would be the same as having two clocks in the same room on the earth, except for the earth=s gravity of course. Now let=s say you are in a rocket ship and accelerating. You have two clocks, one in each hand. Both clocks are running at the same speed. Now if you drop one of the clocks and then measure both clocks= speed you would find that the one in your hand is running slower than the one falling to the floor. That one would have stopped slowing down and would run at a constant speed. So there is a direction in space which is relative to us. It is the absolute speed in the fabric that determines time. In the fabric any clock that moves at the same speed as the earth, relative to the fabric and in any direction, will run at the same speed as the earth=s. Confused? You should be.

Of course this is all relative to you and the object, for we have no way of detecting the fabric of space to use as a reference. Nevertheless matter can and does know how to reference itself when moving through the fabric. I could go on with this time thing forever. What you want to remember is that velocity and gravity changes time by mucking with the way energy behaves in the fabric. You will see later that time has a major role in how gravity comes about.

Gravity and Velocity

It is known that when you accelerate an object to some velocity it gains energy and when an object is put in a gravitational field it also gains energy. This energy is in the form of motion. After all, a gravitational field is an acceleration, but obviously it is not the same kind of acceleration we are talking about. A gravitational field does not accelerate an object in the same manner as we accelerate something. Well, that is true, but the results are the same. Time slows in both, and in both energy of motion is gained. The question is why would they both act the same? Also, when we accelerate an object to a high velocity, one close to the speed of light (which is considered a constant), things get flattened in the direction of motion and time slows way down. When the speed of light is reached time stops and you might as well be looking at a vibrating one-dimensional object. How a one-dimensional object can vibrate I do not know.

The flattening of an object is seen by the observer and is not seen by those doing the traveling. These are two different views of the same thing. For instance, if we put the maximum speed, say at 100 miles per hour instead of the speed of light, and you are in a car traveling just under that speed, because matter can never reach or exceed light speed, the car, to someone watching it going down the street, would appear flat in the direction of its motion. But when the car comes to a stop at the corner it would suddenly expand back to its original size and all would be normal. The funny part is, those in the car would not have noticed anything different at all, that is unless they looked outside, but inside the car all would be normal. How can that possibly be? Is it an illusion by the observer or is matter really squeezing itself together and the object being squeezed does not know or feel the effect?

Is a light ray nothing more than some object flattened in its direction of travel forming a one-dimensional object? And if that piece of flat energy was ever to slow down, would it expand to its normal depth, whatever that would be, or would it become a photon? Obviously it would not be a very dense object for light has very little mass. And some believe that light has no mass at all but only energy. (Energy and mass and energy with no mass are things I will discuses later in part 2.) Here we have a classic example of energy being changed from one form to another, the media of transfer being the ray of light. Light could be more than what we think it is.

Why does an object in a gravitational field get accelerated and time slows down? Why does it act like an acceleration that goes nowhere? Gravity is a force created by the presence of mass. No mass ... no gravity. It all comes back to the presence of mass energy. Large amounts of energy make up matter; large amounts of matter make up our universe. Every piece of mass, no matter how small, distorts space, even down to the smallest piece of mass. But it takes a lot of strings to distort space for us to observe it as gravity, but what the devil is the presence of mass energy doing to distort space? Or for that matter, what is space in the first place to be distorted by the presence of mass energy? And why does distorted space change time as we know it?

Fabric and Density

This all comes down to two things: Amass@ and the fabric of space. Let=s look at an old idea, one that has been disproved but is in a way coming back, just in a different form. That is the dreaded word ether, thought to be the thing that permits light to travel through empty space. This was disproved by many experiments, but since then we have learned that the experiments that were performed could not work because of the characteristic of space/time being relative. Now instead of ether it is called the fabric of space or space/time, but if you think about it, it really means that there is something out there, but we just do not understand what. And that light does need something to propagate through. I am going to call what light travels through A The Free Strings in the fabric,@ strings which are not vibrating but are part of the structure of the fabric. When strings absorb energy they vibrate and effect the fabric which forms mass and creates the space distortion we call gravity. You will see what this means later.

Now let=s get real. For clocks to change their time when accelerated and return to their original running speed when brought back, there must be a constant somewhere that governs that action. There must be a set of laws that all energy follows to make these things happen. Everything is governed by something that sets the parameters that all mass and energy follow. If there was not such a thing the universe would fall apart. I said before there are two constants we are aware of. One is the speed of light and the other is the conservation of energy and mass. How do these constants affect time?

Let=s start with the string. There are two forms: an open string and a closed string. The closed string is said to cause gravity. Now what is a string? In the current theory A The Superstrings Theory@ a string is a very small vibrating thing. It is said to be a vibrating body smaller than Plank=s constant, an object 10^-33 cm small. It is said that vibrating strings produce mass which produces gravity.

Strings are what one thinks they are, a vibrating piece of string much like a violin string. It is the vibration in the string that contains the energy we call mass. Also, this energy can never be lost. It is in motion forever, to us that is. If strings are vibrating objects and they are vibrating at the speed of light, then the vibration must be propagating down or around the string at the speed of light. The string is said to be the smallest object we can observe. The string is also under tremendous tension in order for it to vibrate as it does. Would you believe something like 10 to the 38 tons of tension? This means it can hold a lot of energy. So what is the string made of and what forces keep it under this tension? That is a question with no answer. But the string size is believed to be the smallest possible thing we can ever detect. The string can only vibrate in certain patterns called Calabi-Yau shapes. Very little, if nothing, is known about the fields that may extend out from the string and how they inter-react with other string fields or the fabric. It is believed that the string surrounds itself with an atmosphere of virtual particles or spacial distortion far beyond the actual string itself. This means that the vibrations in the string are having a pronounced effect on the fabric which then produces the other forces we are aware of.

I have proposed a non-vibrating string which cannot be observed because we are an energy universe or you might say we are the vibration of the string not the string. More on that later.

Does the fabric have something to do with the string vibration? Yes. When a string is in flat space and not accelerating or in motion through the fabric, the string=s frequency of the vibration is uniform throughout the string. But when in curved space or under acceleration or motion within the fabric, the frequency of vibration cannot be uniform because of the fabric=s interference. Common sense . You must remember that the fabric has a response time which is constrained to the speed of light.

When a string is in curved space or in motion, time at one side of the string is slower than at the other. This means that energy at one end of the string is greater than the other. Curved space and acceleration would demand that.

What happens to time at the center of the earth? Space at the center of the earth is uniform but concentrated, or you could say the fabric there has a uniform density that is greater than its surrounding space. You may float around as if you were in a space ship but time will still run slower at the center of the earth. The same is true after an object=s acceleration has stopped.

At this point everything sounded good until I gave it some more thought and came up with a major contradiction. Here=s what I mean. The string makes up mass and its internal vibration is moving at the speed of light. If the speed of light is the maximum, how can you move mass at all if it is internally already moving at the speed of light?

Let=s review a little of what I have said or implied. Energy came into the universe and either formed strings or energized them. The string=s energy vibration distorts space. The string is vibrating internally at the speed of light and this vibration is uniform across the string when the string is in a flat space and not in motion through the fabric. Non-vibrating strings fill space and it is these strings that can transfer other energies at the speed of light. It is the closed loop strings which make up mass which distorts the fabric which gives rise to a gravity field we can detect. Got all that?

Now here is the catch. If you put matter into motion you have a fundamental conflict within the string itself because internally the string is already vibrating and the vibration is propagating down the string or around the loop string at the speed of light. This would break the law stating that the speed of light is maximum. You can not accelerate an object to any velocity faster than that of light and since the energy in the string is already internally propagating at the speed of light you would break that law. Here you can see something must give; there is one thing that must happen. The propagation of the wave in the string must slow down.

Also, while the energy in the string is in motion within the fabric the wave propagation in the string becomes non-linear. Time at one side of the string is slower than the other due to the higher density of the fabric in the direction of travel. The propagation of the vibration is no longer that of the speed of light but is less by the amount of the new velocity of the string=s motion. When this happens the frequency of the wave increases because the length of the string appears longer due to the delaying effect of the fabric=s higher density in the direction of travel brought about by the space distortion=s speed of light limitation.

The string=s frequency increases because the distance to time parameters in the fabric has changed. The string=s frequency will increase in discreet jumps because the vibration cannot occur in anything less than discreet multiples of the fundamental frequency. To the string the frequency has not changed but it has just added more cycles due to the longer travel time. This also means that an acceleration is not smooth but accrues in discreet steps. This really gets confusing so look at it in this way. When a light ray travels through a glass pane the light slows down. There is a delay from one side of the glass to the other. Outside the glass the light=s frequency is lower. Inside the glass the light=s frequency is higher and its energy appears higher. The apparent energy increase compensates for the slower propagation in the glass, or in other words, it is in the glass for a longer period of time. In effect you have concentrated its energy and slowed its time. When the light comes out its frequency deceases and the extra energy is put back into the propagation rate. The conservation of energy is maintained by the change of time with velocity.

It is a well-known fact that when there is an increase in frequency you have an increase of energy, but in this case time changes and the total energy inside and outside the pane of glass is the same. Confused?

Now this gets more confusing. If you accelerate an object to one half the speed of light the string does not shorten by half and time does not slow down by half but the frequency of the vibration doubles increasing the string=s energy due to the propagation time being twice as long over almost the same distance. The string still thinks it is vibrating at the same frequency relative to itself but in fact it has doubled as far as the fabric is concerned. Thus the energy is kept in a storage situation like the energy in the glass is held there by the glass=s delay properties.

The resistance to the acceleration is caused by the change of the string=s propagation length forcing more cycles per that length thus increasing the string=s energy. It is in the frequency change and time change that the energy of motion is stored and the resistance to the acceleration is what increases or decreases that frequency. Since the speed of light is constant, the propagating wave in the string must slow down or speed up to keep that law in place and preserve the law of conservation of energy and mass. The string in effect is storing the acceleration energy. To the string though, the speed of light is not violated because it sees its velocity and the vibration velocity as one that equals the speed of light. This whole operation preserves the laws of nature.

What happens to the vibration of the string when the object is traveling near the speed of light? Its frequency must have increased to some ungodly number (note: The frequency is the same but the number of cycles per the given time, our time, has increased. Thus the object viewing itself sees no change and the substance it is made of does not change.), its energy has gone through the roof and it has now shortened to nothing in the direction of travel. Of course it did not really shorten to nothing. If it did you would see nothing. Remember we only see what the energy in the string is doing, not what the string or the fabric is up to. Also, the string is still vibrating at the speed of light (the string=s internal vibrating propagation speed plus the object=s velocity) but it is confined to a very short area and the energy of the mass becomes C x C or C².

Why does the time slow and the string shorten with velocity? Time, shortening and energy gain all come about at the same time. They are not a liner function with velocity but follow a log curve. Time, shortening and energy start out very slowly as you increase velocity and peak at the speed of light. This can only be caused by the ability of the fabric to respond. The fabric also has a light speed limit. So as the energy increases in the string due to velocity, the fabric=s reactance increases. It is the rate of energy interchange between the fabric and the object that we experience as time.

To me gravity is a variation in the density of space. A uniform density in the fabric does not produce gravity. However the density itself does change time. The variation of space density is generally called curved space or space/time.

Gravity

Are you still wondering if I am going to tell you what gravity is? Well it=s coming up, but gravity, velocity, time and curved space are all tied together. They are the products of what the fabric of space is doing to the energy that is running around in it.

But first let=s look at how gravity is explained by those who use the force particle to explain it. The particle is called a graviton; it is said to have no mass but carries the force of gravity. The graviton is supposed to carry the force of gravity from one atom to the other and back. First a graviton is sent out from an atom. The graviton goes to another atom and tells it that there is another atom close by and it must be attracted to it. This other atom sends back a graviton telling the first that, yes I agree you are there and I will push myself toward you a little, but you will have to push yourself toward me a little. Partials telling other partials what to do are a total mystery to me without the use of fields.

So how does the graviton know what to tell the other atom and what generates the gravitons in the first place and does it know how much it needs to be pushed in its direction? Do gravitons have some form of memory? Now once the atom receives this information from the graviton, what is it going to push against in the first place to create the desired attraction? Maybe one could figure this out but not me.

Now think about this. Every atom in the earth has to send out gravitons to every other atom in the earth to keep the earth together, therefore each and every atom in the earth is communicating with each other. That=s a lot of gravitons running around. But that=s not all. Every atom in the earth is also sending out a graviton to every atom in the sun and every atom in the sun is sending a graviton to the earth to keep it in orbit around the sun. Then there is the moon and then the galaxy and clear out into the entire universe. It also says that each and every graviton has to know where to go, they just can=t go out at random. They also have to know how far they have traveled to get there in order to tell the other atoms how much force to attract each other with and this has to happen to every atom or some might not get the message letting some atoms go off into space. Now to transfer energy from one place to another you must create a force, the graviton, by some means. This takes energy even if you convert it into a particle with no mass. This means that atoms would slowly evaporate over time because they are continuously sending out gravitons. We do not see that.

Well, you get the point why I have misgivings about force particles, though I really believe they have their place in math to explain exchanges of energy in matter.

This particle explanation bothers me so much that I could not accept it so I am giving you my own explanation. Why? Well, I thought about gravity for so long I just had to write down my ideas.

The effect of gravity is felt throughout the entire universe, mainly because gravity originated when mass was created in the Big Bang. Mass distorts the fabric of space causing gravity that slows down time. With mass you get an increase of energy. All this keeps your feet planted on the ground. Gravity also acts like an acceleration but you do not feel the acceleration.

An example of this is a person in an accelerating rocket ship that has no windows. If the ship is accelerating at 1g, being the same force that holds us down on earth, the person could walk around in the ship just like on the earth. They could drop things which would fall. The person in the ship could not tell if they were on the earth or not. If the ship were to stop its acceleration the person would soon realize he was either falling or not be on the earth at all.

In this case the ship is overtaking all the objects in it, giving the elusion of gravity. All this happens because mass has a resistance to accelerating motion. When the ship is accelerating it is in the process of constantly increasing its speed. If you were to drop an object in the ship the object would stop increasing its speed and the ship would overtake it until it hit the floor. To you the object would look like it fell to the floor.

From our discussion of velocity one gets the idea that gravity and velocity could be one and the same thing. You get all the effects of gravity when you accelerate an object. Time slows down and you are held to the floor of your ship and all objects fall at the same rate. Without looking out of your ship you could not tell the difference. In fact you could run all the tests and experiments in your ship on gravity and get the same results that you would get doing them on the earth. But in this case your ship would run out of steam as you approached the speed of light, but gravity goes on forever having no limits on how long you will be held down to the ground. Why?

Gravity is a very weak force but it permeates throughout the entire universe. It is believed that gravity can be pulled around by large massive bodies. The earth is said to drag gravity around with it as it rotates in space. The effect is much more pronounced when viewing a rotating black hole. Curved space causes gravity and curved space is a density distortion in the fabric of space. This means that a massive body can manipulate the fabric of space. This gives the fabric of space a substance, something that can be changed, something real.

At the beginning of time or the Big Bang, a tremendous amount of energy was thrust into our space. It entered our universe in an area as small as a proton. That is a lot of energy in a small area. It would well exceed the energy necessary to create a black hole or a worm hole, yet it exploded anyway. Why did it still explode? That becomes clear when one gives it some thought.

Gravity did not materialize to us until mass was formed a very short time into the Big Bang. When the mass was formed it started to curve the fabric of space around it but that cannot happen faster than the speed of light. The gravity that we have today did not exist at that moment of creation. The tremendous curvature that dominates the universe today was created over time and its creation took place at the speed of light. So the curving of space is not an instantaneous thing. Therefore as the curvature of space was forming it had a tremendous amount of mass and energy right behind it and could not hold the explosion in check.

To visualize this effect of an expanding curved fabric of space let us use an old and well-worn example: the rubber sheet.

Let=s make the rubber sheet huge, like thousands of miles across, and stretch it so it has the characteristics of the fabric of space. It would be a very thin sheet but very strong and could stretch without breaking. And let=s say that any disturbance in the sheet can only propagate across the sheet at the speed of sound.

Now that we have all this stuff put together let=s run an experiment. I am going to fire a heavy bullet into the sheet and watch what happens. The bullet represents the Big Bang where energy is introduced into our space fabric. The bullet, when it hits the sheet, is traveling very fast, in fact let=s say at the speed of sound. The bullet forces itself into the sheet creating a large deep depression. As soon as the bullet meets the sheet it encounters resistance from the sheet and starts to slow down and lose energy until it comes to a stop somewhere deep inside the sheet.

Now let=s stop time and look at that picture. The bullet has created a very deep hole in the sheet which represents its total energy and mass. But it happened so fast that the sheet did not have time to respond, since the sheet cannot react faster than the speed of sound. This leaves the rest of the sheet unaware of the presence of the depression. Let=s start time again. At the point at which the bullet entered the sheet we find a hole not much bigger than the bullet itself but now the hole starts expanding at the speed of sound causing a depression which travels outward in all directions. In other words, the sheet is taking up the strain caused by the bullet and distributing it throughout the sheet.

At some time the sheet=s resistance will equal the strain put on it by the bullet and the outward expansion of the depression will come to a halt. The distance outward from the entry of the bullet to where the expansion stops depends up on the energy the bullet had and the characteristics of the sheet=s resistance. Since the sheet has very little resistance the distance is exceedingly great.

If you believe I am going to say that the fabric of space acts like this rubber sheet you would be right. Here most people will throw this explanation out the window, but read on. When energy was introduced into our universe it caused the fabric to distort. The action of curving space takes energy which means that there is a resistance to that action. It is not much, but it is there. The fabric of space was being distorted and was taking up the strain put on it by the Big Bang.

There have been many discussions about the universe being an open one or a closed one. An open universe means that the universe will expand forever and turn cold. A closed universe means that it will expand to some point at which gravity will take hold and bring it all back to a hot ending or another Big Bang. Here I have chosen the closed universe because I believe that the fabric of space will at some point take up the strain caused by the energy put into it at the time of the Big Bang and stop the expansion. Of course we will not see this because it is happening at the edge of our universe. Simply speaking, the more energy brought into the universe the larger the overall universe and hence a balancing act of forces. (More energy brings about a larger gravitational expansion thus not permitting the energy in the universe to escape: less energy, less expansion.)

I mentioned free strings? It takes a great deal of energy to vibrate a string and the frequency of vibration is high but what happens to the lower frequency energy? I believe the free strings carry this energy. They also carry the force of electromagnetic radiation, magnetism, and other things like virtual particles and particles with no mass. Remember, if strings gain enough energy they will turn into particles with mass and these particles will be real and live on until something destroys them. Virtual particles come into existence from nowhere and then vanish. This is what happens when energy peaks within the free strings.

Now you do know that we are not at the edge of our universe. In fact far from it because the expansion of mass in the universe is far slower than the gravity or radiation wave which moved out from the Big Bang at the speed of light. We are much closer to where the Big Bang started than you think. It=s also quite possible that the expansion of the universe has already stopped. This of course could be determined if one knew the characteristics of the fabric of space and the amount of energy that came into the universe.

Up to this point I have tried to connect a lot of things together, but what do they have to do with gravity? Well, as you can see I hinge a lot of things against the fabric of space. Time and energy vary when you move through space. But we do not move through gravity and we do not feel an acceleration in free fall so why does time and energy vary just because we are standing on the earth? Remember we also do not feel motion no matter how fast we are moving.

Let=s go back a little. We feel an acceleration when we are accelerated because something is pushing us from the outside causing all the atoms in our body to push against each other while resisting this motion. They do so because they are individually separate and each resists the acceleration. This is true clear down to the string itself. This type of acceleration our body can detect and tells us what is going on. When standing on the earth we can feel this acceleration because the earth is stopping us. But what would happen if every atom (or every string) in our body was accelerated at the same time and rate? Like in free fall. It would appear to us that we were in a uniform space field because we could not tell that we were being accelerated, until we hit the ground, that is. We would be floating as if in free space. This happens to all particles at the same time in free fall, hence we feel no acceleration but in fact we are being accelerated.

Now what is gravity? The density of the fabric of space is distorted forming a gravitational field. Strings make up mass and a string is vibrating at the speed of light and the vibration is propagating in the string at the speed of light. This propagation is uniform in flat space but is not uniform in curved space. This is the key. In curved space the balance of energy across the string is not equal. Time at one side of the string is slower than time at the other side causing a difference in frequency from one side of the string to the other, thus there is a difference in energy from one side to the other. To maintain the conservation of energy the string tries to migrate or increase its motion in one direction to balance out the non-uniformity of the string=s energy and to create equal time across the string.

Here the time difference in the string caused by the gravitational field is traded for motion. When you are in free fall in a gravitational field time across the string is equal because it is compensated for by motion in order to maintain a uniform string. When you hit the ground motion is stopped and time across the string becomes unequal because its space in now non-uniform. This difference, or this thing that holds you down to the ground, is the motion the string needs to balance out the difference in time. This is all due to the conservation of energy.

And that is what gravity is.

The effect is no more than how a balloon filled with helium goes to the ceiling when you let it go. The balloon is attempting to compensate for the difference of pressure between the bottom and top of itself thereby making it rise. If a million balloons were let go at the same time they would all rise at the same rate not bothering each other, so they could not tell if they were rising or not but when they hit the ceiling creating a force against each other they then would feel the effect like we do gravity when standing on the earth. These balloons will stay there forever if they had their way just as we will stay on the ground forever.

I can guess that your next thought is that a string is too small to have a time difference across it to cause that kind of motion. This made me think too. Then I realized that the string which makes up mass carries with it a distortion field that extends far beyond the string size, just like the earth=s gravitational field extends way beyond the earth=s diameter. These fields come into play and may even be the defining property that causes the motion that holds us down to the earth. By controlling the extended distortions caused by an object you can control the object=s motion.

Why does mass shorten at high velocities and in a gravitational field? Shorting is a mystery to most people and I understand why. What in heck is going on in an object to cause it to shorten or flatten in the first place and how was that effect discovered? I do not know if the flattening effect has been proven but it is a logical outcome of my description of the fabric. We are a wave function moving within a substance (the fabric) therefore are subject to the laws which guide these functions. When energy (us) travels at high velocity time slows and mass increases and the propagation of energy within us slows by the speed of light minus our velocity. This effect shows up as a delay of the object in the fabric. To show this more clearly let=s look at our pane of glass, but in this case let=s make the pane very thick. In fact, let=s do better than that. Let=s use a crystal at absolute zero. This crystal has the effect of delaying a pulse of light, let=s say for five seconds in a five-inch crystal. Now let us direct a pulse of light at the crystal which is one second in duration, or 186,282 miles long. Now when the pulse enters the crystal its propagation is slowed so that the entire pulse is now only taking up one inch of the crystal. Here we have shrunk a 186,282 mile long light pulse to one inch and it will take four more seconds for the light pulse to come out of the crystal where it will once again return back to its 186,282 mile length.

When we increase our velocity in the fabric the fabric appears to us as getting denser. The faster we go the denser the fabric, thus a longer delay and the shorter we appear. The shortening is real to the observer as is the pulse of light in the crystal but because of time changes it is not observed by the object or the person doing the traveling. Remember we are a wave of energy traveling within the fabric. The faster we travel in the fabric the greater the reactance, the longer the delay, and the shorter we become. This is all due to the fact that the spacial distortion in front of the object is condensing because of the fixed rate of its travel such as the glass getting thicker the faster you go.

Does gravity shorten objects like velocity does? In my explanation it must. But this is not observed because of the elongation caused by the thickness of the objects we observe. It must be observed at the string level.

Einstein is right. The universe is simple so why do we make it so complicated?

Sound

Up to this point I have described time, velocity, energy and gravity, and what they have in common. I said that the fabric of space is the main source of their commonality but can we visualize how we could exist in such a scenario? How can this fabric of space be there and we not know of it? Yet we are free to travel through it untethered. To understand this better I have made up a little story.

This story is about a sound universe. Let us take a three-dimensional block of material. This material is like the rubber sheet talked about earlier. It is flexible; it can be stretched and pulled and deformed. The block is big, extending for billions of sound years in all directions. Since this block is only a little part of some other structure it is uniform in the area which we are talking about and the structure of the sheet is very small compared to that of a sound wavelength.

One sound day a cosmic particle, while passing through the block, hits part of the block=s structure and explodes releasing a tremendous amount of sound energy. There was so much energy that the structure of rubber could not absorb it all. A great deal of sound energy called sound waves spread out at the speed of sound. But a great deal of sound energy, because of its high intensity, wound up trapped by the fabric and curled up making sound mass. This sound mass distorted the fabric of the block causing other sound masses to come together forming larger sound particles. These sound particles caused more distortion causing larger sound atoms. Eventually enough sound masses formed creating sound planets, and in some cases sound masses formed sound stars which emitted sound light. Time passed leaving the sound universe to roam throughout the fabric of sound space. Millions of sound years later sound life sprung up on one of the sound planets. Millions of sound years after that sound life became intelligent and decided it wanted to travel to the distant sound stars. But their scientists had discovered that the speed of sound was the fastest speed at which their rocket ships could travel and they did not know why. Being made of sound they could not see the fabric that permitted them to exist and all the sound energy they put into their practical accelerators was not enough to understand their fabric of space.

Later, reason prevailed and one of the scientists realized that if you were made up of condensed sound you could not travel faster than sound so this scientist, being a maverick, set out to perform an experiment. He thought that if he could push himself against the fabric of sound he could use it in space travel. In his garage he made a device that could connect him directly to the sound fabric. Well, this scientist was lucky; he lived through the event. He also discovered that unless you change what you are made up of, sound is as fast as you can go.

In this little story you may see what I mean. Sound people in an object cannot observe the object. Sound is energy in the object, not the object itself. The object is just a medium for the sound energy to travel through, nothing more. The key here is energy that may have nothing to do with what it is traveling through or harbored within. Light and matter is nothing more than energy being conveyed around in the fabric of space making the speed of light maximum.

Now that I have described gravity not as an attraction or push but a migration of mass toward a place in space where time is slower. I am going to really mess up your mind. Mass is a the denser area in the fabric. It is not a hole or well. The fabric is actually containing the energy. The energy (appears) as a tremendous pressure point trying to escape. It is pushing against the fabric forcing the fabric to take up the strain creating a pressure gradient away from that energy point. The pressure shows up to us as a slower time area in space. This is what we see as curved space. Unlike the rubber sheet which stretches and pulls the fabric to form a gravity field, the reverse is true. It appears that the fabric can only hold back energy that is compacted down to a certain size and frequency of vibration but when that frequency reaches some lower point the fabric can no longer retain it. It then rushes out into our universe as radiation, or you might say it explodes. (Pressure is a good way to visualize mass distorting the fabric.)

Wine is motion and gravity similar? When we increase the velocity of an object in the fabric we create a denser area of space in front of the object and less of one in the back. Since the gravity distortion waves travel at the speed of light, the distance from the end of the distortion wave preceding an object to the object is shorter than the wave behind the object. In other words, an object traveling through the fabric is not in the middle of the gravity density field which surrounds it. The gravity field in front of the object is denser and time runs slower. Near the speed of light there is very little distance from the object to the end of the gravity field, because the gravity wave velocity is fixed and the object=s speed is not. This creates a very dense area in space where time runs slower and the object shortens because of the delaying effect. The object sees this distortion just like it sees a gravity field where either time or motion must change to preserve the conservation of energy.

Every object carries with it a distortion field. As you walk down the street this field follows you. It reaches out from your body at the speed of light. One second from you it is 186,282 miles away and still moving. If you could add up all the area your field is distorting you could determine how much mass your body had. You can believe this are not but the entire earth is actually responding to your motion. Can we really detect a gravitational distortion or wave? A thought for another time (part 2).

Let=s cover one more point. The conservation of energy. This is really the real reason why gravity exists at all and it is why all events are subject to the laws of nature. It also says that there is an anti-particle for every particle. Space must be totally balanced in energy. So how did I come to this? Let=s look at it this way. Let=s make space perfectly uniform. Make this a fixed law. Space can not be anything but uniform, period. No exception. But obviously that can=t be because space is curved and distorted and energy is running all over space causing havoc.

Space though has an out. If you change me (space) by adding energy to me I will change you (energy) by changing your time or motion. Thus I will keep all thing in balance. By doing this, space is always kept uniform. At least it thinks it is uniform. This effect on energy and mass in space is what governs all things including gravity. Objects moving in space think they are traveling in a straight line, always and in a uniform space. Just because we see things curving in gravity is relative.

Conclusion

I have tried to explain what gravity is and how it works. Mixed in with that is time, motion, energy, momentum, space and the fabric of space.

Can we use the fabric to push against? To drive a ship in space? Maybe. This could be possible but one must be careful when dealing with the fabric, because like the sound scientist found out . . .. Oh, I forget to tell you what happened, didn=t I? Well, he found out the hard way.

The fabric could be considered a fixed object and we are moving in this fixed object, like sound waves in a solid object. In our case everything in our body is vibrating and propagating at the speed of light less that speed at which we are moving in space. Now if I were to make a device that could connect to the fabric directly, what would happen? First, the earth is moving through space at some speed, let=s say at 600 miles per second. This means our device is moving through the fabric at the same speed. Now connect your device to the fabric and watch out. First of all, the device will come to a dead stop in space and you will travel on at 600 miles per second. It would be like running your device into a brick wall at that speed. Just hope you are not close when it does so.

This of course is all conjecture on my part because the fabric may not be the substance I envision it to be. The fabric could very well be like air or water. It could be under the laws of the other six dimensions talked about in the superstring theory, but it still dominates us.

I have expressed that energy is a separate entity in our universe. It may be trapped here but it is separate.

Food for Thought

Is it possible that the strings and the fabric of space existed in our universe before they were energized with the introduction of energy, bringing them to life and forming the universe as we know it? This would mean that there is a duality of our existence. How did I come to such a seemingly ridiculous conclusion like this? Is there something in our universe that could be acting in the same manner? YES!

This is hard to explain, but do you really know what we really are? Yes, you would say. I am a person, a flesh and blood living being. So what does that have to do with the duality function of space? Let me explain. First of all, say you have a computer, right? Well, look at it. It is a box full of electronic components, resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, and a processor all connected together with wires. You turn it on and it works. Why? Because you energized its circuits with electrical impulses. The impulses run all over the thing guided by the processor and deliver the results to the screen where you read them. So what? Well, let us look at the computer from the point of view of the electrical impulses. Let=s say you were the impulses and had no idea what you were doing. You simply follow the path given to you. Your knowledge of why you had to stay in those paths was unknown. You were just energy moving around through space as far as you could tell but since you had some knowledge of space you realized that for some reason you were confined to certain areas. Here you are, just energy, and you have no conception of why you exist at all.

Now let us take another look at your computer through a device that filters out all matter and lets you see only the electrical impulses traveling around inside it. Here you would see that all the work being done by the computer is being done by the impulses within it, a completely separate entity inside your computer. This energy in effect is being introduced from outside and used by your machine. The impulses are the machine; the other stuff is just there to guide them.

Let us look at one more example. Us. We are a flesh and blood living being. We have billions of nerves sending electrical impulses all over our body. We have trillions of neurons in our brain keeping track of all our body functions. We see by converting light to electrical impulses and sending them to our brain. We hear, smell, touch and think the same way. Our conscious mind produces thought by using electrical impulses. If you could strip away all your flesh and only see these impulses you would see a completely separate person inside yourself. You would see the real you, the thing that is acutely producing everything that happens in your body. Your body would be like the fabric of space and the impulses would be the energy that makes it run. No energy, no life. The electrical impulses in your body are you; your flesh and blood just carries you around. You are in essence two beings, just like our universe could be two beings.

The space the universe is in could very well have been complete in every way and it only needed the energy from somewhere to form mass and bring it to life. Energy is something added to things. The things only use it to do work. And yes.

Your comments are always welcomed at. gravity@gravityms.com

TO PART 2 HOME

Author Cliff Clinton.