PART   2

                        GRAVITY  MADE  SIMPLE 

          A look at space in a way you have never looked at it before.

    As I have expressed earlier, space is really more than we think it is. The ability for mass to deform space causing gravity means that there is something present in space to be deformed in the first place. As an example, if there was no air in the room you could not change its pressure or have sound waves pass through the room.

    My definition of gravity is the density difference of the uniform gravity density of space at two different places in space. You could call this curved space time. The stuff that is deformed to produce gravity I am calling the UGD. This in effect is saying that uniform gravity is like a substance. I will use uniform gravity density, or UGD for lack of a better name, for the substance.

    But before I get into the meat of all this it will help if I give you some visual aids. I will do this by giving you two examples of how things might act in space if the UGD changes.

    My first example is like the pane of glass with laser light pulses traveling through it which I depicted in Part 1. Here I create a magic crystal which can delay a light pulse so that it takes many seconds for that pulse to travel through the crystal.

    Let’s make this crystal large enough so it takes a 1 second light pulse 30 seconds to pass through the crystal and come out the other side. Now let’s fire a laser pulse that is 1 second long or 186,282 miles in length at my crystal. When the crystal receives the pulse it shrinks to a length of 1 inch and travels across the inside of the crystal at a rate of 1 inch per second. If the crystal is 30 inches long the light pulse will take 30 seconds to transverse the crystal and then resume to its normal 186,282 mile length when leaving.

    This is what I call a delaying crystal. The light does not care or know the difference in its travel through the crystal. It does not know or realize that it is the density of the crystal that delayed its travel. If a person were riding the pulse when it went through the crystal they would not know that they passed through the crystal, if of course one could do this.

    Mass in every sense is like the light pulse but moves much slower, although it is nevertheless a vibrating wave subject to the same restrictions as the light pulse when traveling through the uniform gravity density of space. If there is a denser area in the fabric of space and mass moved through it, it would be delayed just as the light pulse was when traveling through the crystal.

    For my second hypothetical example let’s build a crystal that has a varying density. This crystal is in the shape of a sphere. I’m going to increase the density of the crystal sphere as we move toward its center and make it look like the gravitational curve when approaching a planet. Let’s say the sphere is very large but at its center, let’s say a few inches in diameter, the crystal gets very, very dense, approaching that of a neutron star.

   Now let’s aim a laser pulse of one second duration at the crystal sphere and follow the pulse as it passes through the varying density of the crystal. First, the light pulse will see very little change in its length because the crystal has very little density as the pulse enters the outer area of the sphere. But as it progresses inward it will experience an ever increasing density and start to decrease its length because of the delay of its propagation caused by the crystal’s higher density. The one second light pulse which began at a length of 186,282 miles now shortens as it approaches the center portion of the sphere. If the center portion density of the sphere is sufficient the light pulse will shrink to nothing more than a line. If the sphere does not present any resistance to the pulse the pulse will continue on into the sphere’s center. Here we will find that the light pulse, even though being nothing but a thin line, will be highly delayed in its travel and, depending on the density of the center of the sphere, will take a very long time to pass through the center but will eventually emerge out the other side and resume its full length once again.

    In viewing these two hypothetical examples let’s consider us as a reference frame. Because we are individuals, each of us has our own personal reference frame. When I observe something I am always using my own personal reference frame. When someone observes me they are using their own personal reference frame which could give them different results when taking measurements and recording events. So in most of this part of the article I will refer to my reference frame or your reference frame because you must separate the two in order to understand each other’s observation.

    In the two examples given I am using my reference frame to observe the pulse of light traveling through different densities of material. What I’m going to do now is to equate the density of the material which the light passes through to a change in the density of the fabric, or the UGD. But in this scenario mass, being a vibration, not only changes its length but its time and size as well.

    Mass usually is moving slowly but the inter-vibrations of its strings are moving near the speed of light in random directions. Therefore the dealing effect is in all directions causing the mass to shrink in size from my reference frame. This of course is not seen when we pass our light pulse through the crystal, for there we only see the shortening and the delaying properties of the material.

    When I am watching the light pulses go through the crystal sphere I am determining its passage by the distance and time clocks of my reference frame for this is the only way I can determine the time it takes the pulse to transverse the sphere. My time and your time are always the same, it is the difference between us that makes our times relative.

Black Holes

    A black hole in space is made by the collapse of a star which has sufficient mass to create a gravitational field so strong that no light or anything else that we know of can escape from it. The event horizon is the outer portion of a black hole where the gravity density is sufficient to prevent light from escaping. It is at this point and inward that very little is known about a black hole. Inside a black hole is mostly a mystery although it is believed that the gravity field continues to increase until something called a singularity is formed. All the properties of the inside of the black hole are determined by mathematics because of course no one can make measurements or observe anything pass the event horizon of the black hole.

    When we observe events around a black hole we see some very strange things happening. So let’s look at a black hole for a few minutes. Let’s take two people, you and me. I’m going to take you and put you in a rocket ship and launch the ship into a black hole while I watch from a distance. It is believed that the ship will travel up to the event horizon of the black hole and then right on through to the center where the ship and you will be crushed. This is the exact view that you and the ship will in fact observe. But I, watching your ship, will not get this view because I will see the ship approach the event horizon, slow down, and freeze in space effectively at the event horizon and your ship will stay there forever as far as I am concerned. This is the view from my reference frame and it is not the view from your reference frame. We both are looking at exactly the same thing but with completely different outlooks.

    From your outlook it is this scenario that makes us believe that your ship simply went right straight through the event horizon and was crushed. From your reference frame that is exactly what happens. From my reference frame I know that the light emitted from the ship when entering the event horizon is slowed by the gravitational field surrounding the black hole. Because I know this I can account for the discrepancies in my observation.

     Now let’s look at this from a different view, one very similar to our crystal sphere mentioned above. Here we will make our crystal large enough so your ship can travel in it just as easily as our light pulse does. Now I’m going to sit outside the crystal and watch your ship pass through the sphere and observe what happens to you and your ship. When entering the outer portion of the sphere your ship will shorten and shrink. Elongation will also occur but that is caused by the severity of the gravitational curve the ship is entering. If the ship was sufficiently small this could be ignored so let’s say our ship is no bigger than that of a particle.

    As you get closer to the center of the sphere your ship will continue to shrink and due to the delaying effect of the density of the sphere you will also slow your travel (my view). At the heart of the sphere the density will be so great that it could take you years, or millions of years, to cross the sphere’s center and emerge out the other side. This all depends on how intense the density of the center of the sphere is. This is what I see from my reference frame. It is what one should experience when passing very close to the dense gravitational field. This is very much the same effect you would get if your ship was traveling near the speed of light, but in doing this your ship will shrink in the direction of travel only. Of course from your point of view you had traveled through the sphere and come out the other side in only, let’s say, a few minutes, just to have a number. However in my view you took 1,000 years to cross the crystal. The surprise of course will be yours because you will return 1,000 years in my future and this all comes about because time slows when mass is traveling through a denser space time or fabric. In other words, your clocks on your ship were all running slow compared to mine.

    So what does this do to your ship in my view when it enters the event horizon of the black hole?

    In my opinion the ship will shrink in size and slow in motion to a point which will virtually freeze it in space at the event horizon. You, of course, will not observe this becomes your time has virtually slowed down to nothing, making your trip into the black hole seem no different than it was outside the black hole. Because of the tremendous delay at the event horizon it will take you millions if not billions of years in my reference frame for you to so much as cross the event horizon much less enter the center part of the black hole.

    In my view all mass and energy that is sucked into the black hole’s event horizon is in fact still in the event horizon slowly but surely moving inwards due to the fact that time at this point in space is almost at zero and the delay is infinite. Here you can see that traveling at the speed of light where time will be zero is virtually the same as far as my reference frame is concerned as sitting in the event horizon of the black hole. In both cases one is closed out of our universe. Here we are trading distance for time, and traveling at the speed of light we are trading time for distance.

    So what does this make a black hole? Well, to me it is only a great big energy delay object in space. This of course means that if there is no center or solid substance inside a black hole the energy drawn in will eventually pass through and emerge out the other side and the mass which created the black hole in the first place will emerge and regain the velocity that caused it to shrink and form the hole. One must realize that the velocity or motion of mass is never lost. It can be converted to other motions or to the force we call gravity by relinquishing its time but that energy is never lost. When matter enters a black hole the black hole is pulled toward the matter. It is hard to imagine when you go upstairs in your house the earth is actually moving away from you under your feet. Not much of course, but it is definitely moving. As explained earlier it is the time difference across mass that produces gravity or the acceleration that holds us to the ground. One is always trading time for motion.

    But there is another trap here, for when you have zero time you have maximum velocity so the mass that is sucked into the black hole is accelerated to the speed of light and the acceleration is toward the center of the hole but since time is zero the mass appears frozen at the event horizon. This of course makes it virtually impossible for the mass or energy to reemerge. This leaves us with two contradictory terms. One is that the mass thinks it is moving at the speed of light but in reality it would be frozen in space at zero time.

    This could give us some idea of how a small black hole could evaporate overtime. There is also conjecture that energy can leave a black hole by the process called tunneling. No one knows how tunneling really works but it is believed that particles can simply transfer themselves from one place to another and do it across boundaries at faster than the speed of light. It is believed that this process takes energy from the black hole to outside the black hole causing the black hole to lose energy and evaporate or go below its critical mass and explode. I will go into tunneling a little later and show you how that process may work and how possibly the speed of light could be breached.

    Let’s look at something else, and that is the gravity gradient or change of strength of gravity around a star or planet. Is there a maximum on such a gradient? Let’s look at the earth for an example. If we could drill a large hole completely through the earth and be able to enter it, what would we experience?

    First of all, if we went to the earth’s center we would find that we would float around at the center just as we would float around in a space craft which is circling the earth. There is no gravity at the center of the earth. There is a UGD but we cannot detect uniformly dense space time. Gravity is the difference in density between two points of space. No matter what the uniform density of space is, it has no gravity. Gravity itself is the only thing that presents us with a clue that the UGD is present.

    If we are at the center of the earth and go to the surface of the earth where gravity is 1 g we will only have to go about 4,000 miles. This is not very far to have to go, but this climb will not go without effort because as you go to the surface of the earth you will find that it takes more energy to climb out the further you get away from the center. This is the reverse of what happens when you leave the surface and go into space. If you have separate objects at the center of the earth you will find that the farther apart you move the objects from each other, where they were just floating around next to each other, the more energy it will take to separate them and the more they will want to go back to the center. More on this later.

    Now let us take a black hole. If you could get to the center of a black hole you once again would find that there is no gravity, a lot of pressure but no gravity, as you tried to leave the center and go to the surface or event horizon you would find the task impossible, energy wise that is. Black holes can be very small and very large. A small black hole then would have a huge gravity gradient from its center to its surface over a small distance and still have no detectable gravity at its center where a small area of space would just be very dense.

    What I am getting at is how dense can gravity get? How sharp can the gravity curve become before it cannot get any sharper and is there a maximum density that space time can withstand or does it have a threshold level? Is the event horizon at this threshold? And what is the UGD of space time that the earth may be in at this moment? It is obvious that we are curving space from something but we just do not know what this something is or how dense it is. This can put a completely different outlook on how we observe things in space, one we never have given much though about or considered.

    In our first example the light pulse was passed through a crystal that remained uniform in density all the way across it. This could be thought of as a uniform gravity density. Now in my laboratory I am going to make that uniform crystal very large but dense enough to incorporate our own solar system. Here I am going to assume that mass shrinks, is delayed, and time slows down in space that is denser than the one we are in.

    To save space in my lab I build a crystal that is 100 feet by 100 feet with a density that will slow light to a travel time of 1 inch per second. Now I am going to place the sun at the center of my crystal and the earth at a distance of about 40 feet so it takes a light pulse about 8 minutes to travel from the sun to the earth. This is about what light takes to travel from our sun to the earth in our real world or my reference frame.

    If you in your reference frame were on the earth, which I have placed in the crystal, it would take light to travel from the sun to earth in about 8 minutes your time. It would also takes 8 minutes in my time but obviously the light in my time only travels about 40 feet, not the 90 million miles in your time. The difference of course is the time difference in each of our reference frames. Here there is obviously a great deal of difference to our observations when it comes to the speed of light. In my reference frame light travels at 186,282 miles per second and I observe your light speed at 1 inch per second, but in your world in the crystal light travels at 186,282 miles per second like it always has. This is because your time has slowed to compensate the difference in distance.

    If I use this example of the earth and the sun I find that I could travel from the earth to the sun in mere seconds because I only have to travel 40 feet, not 90 million miles, and better yet, if I travel at the speed of light I could reach the sun in about .000000005 seconds or around that time. This in your reference frame would be considerably faster than the speed of light but in my reference frame I would not have violated any physical laws.

    So is this how I could travel faster than the speed of light. Well, not quite. If your idea would be to take a ship, transform it into a lower density space like my reference frame, then move it from the earth to the sun in mere seconds and transform it back to your reference frame or the denser space you came from, you could say that you then traveled faster than the speed of light. This sounds good, but think about it closely. First of all, when you left earth and went into a less dense space your time speeded up in relation to the earth you left, then when you made your trip to the sun in mere seconds and returned to your normal density your time slowed again. In this process you will have found when you returned that you were older by a great deal of time compared with those of earth which you left. Therefore, thinking you saved time, which you may have, in fact you aged faster therefore did not save any time at all.

    What you did in reality by going to a less dense space was speed up your time, in effect slowing theirs down. If you could be observed by those on the earth you left, they would see you speed up and age faster. The effect would be just the opposite if you were to leave earth and travel near the speed of light, in which case you would slow down and earth would speed up in real time so here when you returned to earth after being gone a very short time you would find earth thousands or millions of years older than you. If you move to a less dense space you would find that you aged thousands or millions of years while earth hardly changed at all. This would mean that your trip actually took you longer than you expected.

    So moving across space in this manner is self-defeating. If you’re a good science fiction fan and build a space ship that has a chamber in which you could lower the density of space inside that chamber as your ship travels, you could in essence neutralize the slowing of time in that chamber and therefore travel near the speed of light at earth’s normal time. With traveling to a star 1 light year away and traveling at the speed of light, you, in the chamber, would only experience 1 year of travel. In other words, you would be one year older instead of only a few minutes older when you reached the star.

    But there’s more, for I have changed many parameters with the earth and the sun in my magic crystal and I know by my measurements that physically they are only 40 feet apart by my reference frame. But by doing this I did not change the mass of the earth or the sun, which means I did not change their gravitational fields.

    So what I observe when looking at my creation is strange. I see that the earth does not move around the sun at the proper speed. It moves too slow and should fall into the sun. It should have increased its orbital speed. All laws of physics demand that. The earth should fall into the sun or increase its speed. So what has gone wrong?

    Those on the earth of course sense no change. The earth is still its normal distance away from the sun and the earth still goes around the sun in one year and gravity remains the same. Did gravity change? Is my observation of the earth to sun relationship wrong? If the overall mass of the sun did not change and gravity in effect did not change, then why does the earth, which is now moving too slowly around the sun, not fall into the sun? Is the effect that I am seeing an illusion strictly because my observation of it is from a different reference frame?

    The mass of an object is a measure of its resistance to acceleration. This one sentence means a lot more than you think. When an object is moving near the speed of light its mass has increased requiring more energy to make it go faster. But in reality the mass of the object has not increased but only the energy to increase its motion has increased. If this is the case then why does it take an increasing amount of energy to keep accelerating the object?

    The answers to this are simpler than you think if you figure time into the events. If you determine the amount of energy to increase the speed of an object which is moving near the speed of light it is tremendous because the object appears to be extremely massive and in fact it takes that amount of energy to increase the object’s speed further.

    Now let us look at the object from a different view. Let’s make the object a space ship which starts accelerating to a constant increase of 1 g when it leaves earth. For the ship to increase its speed it has to fire its rockets and expel material out the back of the ship. When it does this the material leaving the ship can only go away from the ship at certain rates of speed. When the ship reaches 90 percent of the speed of light the material leaving out the back of the ship can only be expelled at 10 percent the speed of light. In this example I am assuming that the drive of the ship is expelling material out at the speed of light when the ship first started its journey.

    Here it is obvious, in my reference frame, that the ship has to increase the amount of material or energy to maintain its increase of speed. The energy leaving the ship is in reality just dropping out the back of the ship. To the ship of course this is not the case because the ship’s time has slowed down and those in the ship do not realize this. This would mean that if the ship measured its increase in speed it would find that it is still increasing at the same rate as it started. To the observer this is not the case because the amount of energy necessary to increase the ship’s speed due to its increase of mass could not keep the ship increasing at the speed at which it started or the 1 g.

    Time in this case is the problem and the increase of energy to drive the ship is only due to the fact that the energy leaving the ship is slowed giving it less of a push. At 99 percent the speed of light the energy leaving the ship has virtually added no speed to the ship’s motion thus requiring more energy to drive the ship giving it the illusion of having more mass. It is the way we determine mass that is incorrect because there is no increase of mass, only motion.

    Again the culprit here is time. The person inside the ship traveling near the speed of light thinks he is still accelerating at 1 g because he is trading the slowing of time with motion. It is not known to him that his increase in speed is not taking more energy to keep acceleration at 1 g but in reality is taking more time, even years or thousands of years depending on how close he is traveling to the speed of light. In this case he has to travel a huge distance to create the same 1 g force on his ship compared to when he started the trip. Because of the longer time he has to expel energy to maintain the 1 g force, this energy is perceived as an increase of the ship’s mass by those outside making the observation. Here he has to move a longer distance through space with a continued use of energy.

    There is another thing about mass and motion. If two objects were traveling near the speed of light next to each other their observation of each other would show no change in mass or time and between the two they would have no energy of motion, for energy of motion is only observed when an object is moving at a different speed compared to yours. Observations of moving things in space are misleading and very deceiving.

    I have talked about movement through space in different ways. But movement through space is difficult to describe. For instance, if a black hole is so dense and everything in it is traveling at the speed of light and is at zero time, how does the black hole move through space? Or how does mass itself move through space without the slightest hindrance in its motion?

    I have described mass as a vibration of energy supported by the fabric. If the speed of light is the fastest the fabric can sustain energy, how can this energy exist and still move at the speed of light within itself? This of course brings up two parameters which seem to coexist together, and those are velocity and time. But we have not been treating time as a parameter but as events after events, but in reality time must be considered a parameter. It is the word that is confusing because it is the word we use to describe events. Time to mass is the slowing of the internal movement of the particles while time to us is event after event of that movement. But slowing in mass then must have a reference. Then what is that reference? Here I can only think of one and that is the UGD.

    The other word we use quite often is gravity. It too has a double meaning. Gravity by definition is the difference between two curved space times in space and has a simple mathematical representation. A uniform space time, or as I call it UGD, has no gravity. A gravity wave is a fluctuation either in curved space or uniform space density. It is a wave that has no reference because it itself varies time and motion and it is time and motion that we measure things by.

    Gravity as far as we know exists only in relation to mass and energy. If there was no mass in space, space would have no gravity. Here it is obvious that we need a different word to express the uniform gravity components of the fabric.

    I am poking at the idea here that UGD in the fabric is in fact what mass is made of and that the uniform gravity components of the fabric is how mass moves so freely within the fabric. Here I am tying the component uniform gravity to mass for mass is the component that causes gravity itself.

    Gravity waves are misleading and it is not known if gravity waves exist. It is obvious that gravity fluctuations exist simply due to the fact that an object moving in relation to us will produce a weaker or stronger gravity pull upon us, just like the moon does to the earth. If the moon was vibrated back and forth rapidly, closer and further from the earth, the earth would be pulled back and forth, however if the moon’s vibration was too fast the earth, having to overcome its inertia resistance to motion, could no longer follow the vibrations of the moon. All I am saying is that mass does not respond instantly to a gravitational change, it is not saying that the mass does not respond instantaneously to the time change that the gravity change causes.

    This of course does not give us any clue as to the speed of the gravity waves. Since gravity fluctuations move with any energy burst, such as the energy released by an a exploding star, the gravity waves obviously travel with that energy. Therefore the wave appears to travel at the speed of light.

    I do not know how gravity radiation could take away energy from an object or how it could be radiated independently from mass such as light is. Our sun could increase in size or decrease in size but if its total energy mass did not change its gravity would not change. Its surface gravity would but its total gravity would not as long as you stayed at the same distance from the sun. The sun’s gravity should only change when the energy or mass of its outpouring passes the orbit of earth. At least this is my present understanding.

    Is our universe really the size we think it is and is there something disguising its real dimensions?

    If I could take our solar system and place it in a uniformly dense space as I did in the example above with our sun and earth, is there something that could tell us how far apart the stars are? Since our observations of our existence are very stringently controlled by the limitations of our senses and the relativity of our measurements we are at present unable to breach this dilemma unless we have a better understanding of what space is doing to our observations.

    Our universe could in fact be very small and the stars which are millions of light years away could in fact be just across the room as my mythical crystal in my laboratory has demonstrated. But this is an observation from a separate reference platform, for if I was to enter that same crystal I would find that the universe would immediately expand to its correct size. Furthermore, all physical laws that were violated from my observation would be back in place and normal. This of course is because the two reference frames became one.

    Here I am saying that the uniform gravity density of space is governing us, for it is acting as a reference that corrects time and motion. Without this correction the universe would be in a chaotic state. In this respect you could call the gravity density of space a reference in which we pivot about keeping everything in its proper order.

    In this case UGD plays a distinct role in the functions of mass in which we derive time, and distance, and the speed of light, all of which now become variables hinged around the uniform gravity density of space.

Faster then Light

    I mentioned earlier something called tunneling. This is more like science fiction stuff where one could travel faster than light through black holes, wormholes and folded space. Could these things be real?

    This is all fiction of course, but let’s take another look at uniform gravity density of space. If I were to take my magic crystal, the one in my laboratory in which I have placed our solar system, and with another bit of magic am able to vary the density of this crystal to any number I wished, what would I observe when doing this? Starting with my basic observation in which the earth is only 40 feet away from the sun I would be observing that the orbits of the earth and the other planets were not moving correctly.

    But now I turn the knob and start decreasing the density of crystal. Here I will observe the size of the solar system increasing, the earth will start moving further from the sun, and the speed of its orbit will increase. If I continue this process until the uniform gravity density in the crystal is the same as the uniform gravity density of my laboratory I would find that the distance from the earth to the sun in your solar system is the same distance as the earth to the sun in my solar system. Both will measure around 90 million miles away, not the 40 feet away before I started this process. Is this what happens when we observe objects in a different uniform gravity density than we are in? In this situation I would also find that the clocks in your earth will be running the same speed as my clocks.

    Now let’s take this a little further. Let’s decrease the density of your solar system even further. In this case the earth will move even further away from the sun and time on your earth should speed up. Here we would now be in the reverse situation than from which we started where you would be looking at my solar system getting smaller as if I was the one inside the crystal. Here my time would be running slower than yours and my solar system would no longer appear to be obeying the laws of physics.

    So what does all this have to do with tunneling or wormholes in space? Well, what it means is that the uniform gravity density of space sets the real distance between all the bodies in space. And the distance we measure in our experiments is relative to the real distance of objects in space. It also means that if one somehow could use the properties of the uniform gravity to travel through space they would be going the real distance between planets, not the perceived distance we are locked into. If you could travel this path like in our crystal where the earth was only 40 feet from the sun, one could get from the earth to the sun faster than the speed of light and not break any physical laws.

    There are experiments which had been performed here on earth that seem to violate the speed of light. The experiments may be breaching the uniform gravity barrier somehow, for if the universe is in a very dense uniform gravity the real distance between objects here on earth are far closer than we perceive and if you could transmit information through this uniform gravity density at the speed of light you would find that instead of the miles you expected it to travel in the media you would only be traveling a few feet, thus getting there before you expected. To our observation this would be something traveling faster than the speed of light but in reality it is only traveling a shorter distance thus keeping well within the laws of physics.

    Gravity fluctuations always travel with the movement of mass or energy. If a burst of light is observed from a supernova a gravity fluctuation should also be observed moving with the energy. This would mean that the gravity wave was traveling at the speed of light which would be incorrect because it is merely moving with the energy.

    Detecting a gravity wave fluctuation is quite difficult because of the inherent gravity background noise. Detectors to detect the gravity wave are being built at this present time. But any detector has an inherent problem of detecting the gravity fluctuations of every star, planet, or galaxy in the entire universe. This is true because we cannot differentiate direction from which a wave is coming from (It is believed that a gravity wave contains a polarization property like a radio wave but this has not been confirmed. It is also believed that the impinging wave direction can be determined by how the wave crosses the detector; this is only true if you assume the wave travels like that of light. Also, time changes in the detector when a wave passes it causing possible misunderstanding of the results.) nor can our detectors focus such waves to amplify them, meaning that our detectors will observe all the gravity waves at the same time. It becomes obvious that they will receive signals very much like the signals we received from the background radiation or just a constant background gravity noise.

    To focus gravity through some form of lens would be helpful but it is virtually impossible to focus something that is not moving. Here you are changing the property or density of the UGD and this does not lend itself to detection in the normal sense, which is taking energy out of the propagation and converting it to electrical impulses which we can use. Since gravity in most cases is static and not moving you cannot focus it. If you had a funnel in which you held up in front of a fan you could focus the air passing through it but if the air was not moving this becomes impossible unless you move the funnel through the air instead.

    Now going back to the speed of light. It is quite obvious that the speed of light in my magic crystal varies with the density of the crystal. If the uniform gravity density in our universe varies then the speed of light in our universe also varies. But because time also changes with uniform gravity density the speed of light as we observe it stays constant. Our reference platform. Here it is only the observer that sees the change.

     But here is the real meaning of what I am trying to say. When I put the sun and the earth in my magic crystal their masses did not change. The earth and sun may have changed in size and the distance between them has changed and their time slowed down but their gravity stayed constant. In this circumstance if I were to calculate the mass of the sun by using the distance from the sun to the earth and the orbital speed of the earth I would find that the mass of the sun would be far different than the mass I calculated before I place them in the crystal. In other words, because I am observing the system from a different reference frame I am miscalculating. In this sense my overall judgment and determination of the mass in the universe is incorrect.

    It is quite possible that the speed of a gravity wave is a constant and the speed of light is relative. But when we observe gravity from a platform of a variable we would believe that the gravity is a variable and not the speed of light. The earth does not fall into the sun in my crystal because time is traded for motion making gravity to the earth look the same.

    Here I am saying that the speed of light is only valid within our present uniform gravity density no matter what the density is. But on the other hand, gravity has a different velocity than what we use for light. So the only way the gravity wave’s velocity and the speed of light’s velocity are the same is when the uniform gravity density is sufficiently small so the two velocities match. One is the energy movement. The other is merely the determining factor on how the energy moves. One could say that light and mass carry energy while gravity waves make changes to that energy. Also, when you have a change of density in space you also have an inherent gravity difference.

    If you carry this out further our entire universe could very well be in a very dense uniform gravity which would mean the distant stars may be only a stone’s throw away as far as the gravity wave is concerned. If you equate the gravity wave velocity to the speed of light, our speed of light, and use the gravity velocity to reach the stars you could get there easily. If we have a star that is 1 million light years away, our speed of light, it may be only 1 light year at the gravity wave velocity simply because it is much closer in reality by the UGD standard.

    Tunneling may in fact be gravity wave transfer of mass from one point to the another. It is our environment that constraints us from seeing the true nature of the universe and why so many strange phenomena come out of our theories such as folded space and wormholes which predict the phenomenon of cutting across space.

    This also could account for some of the strange things we see in the cosmos. For instance, we see that the stars in a faraway spiral galaxy do not rotate as they should but all move at the same speed, in which case some should fall into the center of the galaxy and some should fly away from the center of the galaxy. These galaxies which we are observing are very far away and the uniform gravity density may be greater there because they are closer to the center of the big bang by millions or billions of years. It could be that their increased UGD is distorting our observation in which we are incorrectly determining the galaxy’s mass and the velocity of the stars traveling within them, just like my observation of the planets in my magic crystal.

    It is also coming to light that our universe is expanding faster instead of slower, which would not be the case if gravity is slowing down the expansion as first thought. This increase was determined by measuring the change in the velocity of some supernova explosions some 9 billion light years away. But something 9 billion light years away is also 9 billion years closer to the big bang, or about half the radius that we are at present from the big bang and 9 billion years in the past. At that point in space the overall gravity density is far greater than what we are in at the moment. It is like me in my laboratory looking at my magic crystal but not quite as extreme. Is it possible that the stars that were measured are moving from a higher density space to a lower density space giving us the impression that they are in effect speeding up due to the fact that when one moves from a higher density space to lower density space one gets an expansion of the star and its motion, like when I decreased the density of my magic crystal. Time speeds up and distance between the sun and the earth increases. Since all stars in our universe are visions of our past and the further away the stars and galaxies are the closer they are to the big bang and hence live in a thicker overall gravity density field, thus skewing and distorting our observations.

    Another point here is, it is not known if there is any mass left at the center of the big bang. If all the stars and galaxies are expanding as if on the surface of a balloon being blown up, it is quite possible that there is no mass, thus no gravity, at the center of the big bang. This will only leave the gravity between the stars and galaxies at the surface of the balloon to hold the expanding universe together. It is postulated that the universe’s increase in its expansion rate could be due to something called dark energy which no one has the slightest idea of what it might be. But is it our observations that are incorrect instead? If this increase we see is due to the decrease of the UGD working against the gravity created by the mass we come pretty close to a balanced system.

    At the beginning of these articles I have used the big bang for a starting point, but how could all this happen if there was no big bang? Let’s say that there was no big bang but the universe was created more subtly, like raindrops forming around particles of dust drawing moisture from the air, in this case the uniform gravity density. Thus a universe was created from more of a cold start than a hot one and that there at one point was some catalyst which has since vanished.

    But if this was the case how does one explain the movement of all the stars and galaxies in the universe for they are all moving away from us? This is confirmed by measuring the red shift of the light coming from the stars and galaxies.

    For thought only, I am going to create a scenario which could explain what we observe in the heavens and not contribute it to a big bang. I have hinted that the UGD is like a substance and that all mass comes from that substance. So let’s say when the creation of mass takes place it decreases the UGD of space. As the overall density of space decreases by the amount of mass created, time speeds up and the size of the universe increases just like in my magic crystal. So when I observe the universe I am observing it getting larger and since the ratio between the size increase of objects to the distance between the objects is quite high we will see a correspondingly red shift of light just like the one I would see if the universe started from the big bang.

    In this case I would not have to manufacture dark energy to explain why the universe is expanding faster or need the big bang at its starting point. The whole process of the expansion would be determined by how fast the UGD would be decreasing and how much matter was being created to continue the decrease. The two forces would be well balanced eliminating the need to create some hidden particle or force to cause the phenomenon.

   Another point. It is believed that space can be curve or pulled around by a large massive body when it rotates. The planets and stars and black holes are said to draw their space around with them. Is this true? In my explanation of what gravity is the observation of that phenomenon would be true, but in reality space is not curved or drawn around when a massive body rotates. When I explained gravity I said that a gravitational field follows you around. If you walk down the street your field moves with you. This is apparently true with all mass. The space distortion is inherently linked to mass causing it to move with it, so when any mass is put into motion that space distortion follows that particular mass. The speed of rotation of the earth is greatest at the equator. The mass at the surface of the earth is moving around 1,000 mph so that mass is effectively moving through space bringing with it its space distortion.

    If you take my example of the spherical magic crystal and rotate it and pass a light pulse into it you would get a better picture of what I am trying to say. With the magic crystal rotating, the light pulse will still endeavor to pass straight through the crystal because it has its own forward momentum. But due to the fact the crystal is moving, it will have a tendency to drag the pulse with it. It is not hard to see that when you transmit energy through the media which is carrying it, that media will change the chorus of that energy. So when we say that mass is curving or drawing space around it, it is really incorrect because the movement of mass through space is merely dragging the light we are using as the detector causing it to curve making us believe that the space itself is being curved when in fact it is simply in motion.

    As I said, far-out thinking. And maybe too far-out, but it is somewhat of a logical outcome if you think of space as I have envisioned it.

Conclusions

    I have thought about gravity for over 40 years but it is only in the last two or three that this picture of what I have given you has come to light in my mind. I have always thought that we have been looking for what gravity is, a simple thing, and that we have been looking right at it all this time and not seeing what it is. It did not occur to me that gravity itself was the clue to what I was looking for, for without the earth’s gravity we would not have a clue that there could be uniform gravity in the universe because we cannot detect uniform gravity. So the clue to its existence is the stuff that has been holding us to the ground all this time. And here curved space time only turns out to be a variation of what I call the uniform gravity density.

    Some of the most difficult things to see are those that you can look at and because of their simplicity and plainness elude our senses. I could kick myself for not seeing this years ago. In these articles you may have noticed that I have not gotten into how gravity could be defeated which is why I got into this in the first place. This is because all my thoughts on controlling gravity and how to make an anti-gravity device have failed. This led me to the realization that I did not have a good understanding of what gravity might be. So I turned to that end. These articles were the results of that endeavor.

    Can we build an anti-gravity device? What are we doing right now to defeat gravity? What are particles doing to cause tunneling and what are particles and the other three forces in relation to gravity? In reality, I believe that gravity is what guides their existence.  See part 3.  

      Your comments are always welcomed at.     gravity@gravityms.com

TO  PART  3    HOME

 Author Cliff Clinton   copyrighted  date  March 25, 2001  Revised