PART    3                    

                        GRAVITY  MADE SIMPLE

    The characteristics of the universe are produced by the particles that make up the universe giving it many distinct qualities. The particles and their forces create a great number of guidelines that the universe must adhere to. The smallest particles we now know of are the strings. These particles seem to have a maximum size and a limited set of vibrations. For some reason the fabric does not permit stable basic particles beyond certain sizes. There is apparently a set of laws or a controlling window that permits only string vibrations of a certain type which govern the string’s characteristics and beyond this window the string becomes unstable and cannot exist as a particle. However the fabric does permit these basic particles to get together and form larger particles. The most common larger particles we call protons, neutrons and electrons. And then of course there are a host of other types.

    But then there is another window in the fabric which comes into play because these three basic particles form the basic atom and these atoms are limited in size as well. If we look at the periodic table of elements we find that there is a maximum size of the basic elements in the universe. Above this maximum size the atoms become unstable and can no longer hold together. This of course is due to the underlying forces which are holding the three basic particles together, and these are the four major forces that we have identified in our universe. These forces are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force. The strong and electro-weak forces rapidly drop-off in strength from the particle they are associated with, therefore limiting their effectiveness over distance and giving the particles many other characteristics.

    The next level in our universe’s makeup is a molecule which is made up of a combination of atoms. These molecules also have a size limitation but they can be combined to form larger structures. Next of course come the planets, suns and galaxies, all of which seem to have no size limitation, although in fact they do. A star can only grow to a certain size before it collapses or explodes.

    Each step in the creation of our universe seems to have its own limitations, each of which are based on the basic characteristics of the string and its fields of influence. All forces materialize from the string level and can be tracked up to the universe’s scale.

    Is it possible to control gravity? That is a simple question but with no simple answer. But let's give that some more thought. We indeed can control gravity and in fact we are at this very moment controlling gravity. It is just not the type of control we’re looking for.

    The type of control we are looking for is that of a device that will make our car hover a few feet off the ground with no propellers, wings or rocket jets. We would just like to have it quietly sit there until we need it. We would also like artificial gravity in our space ships and space stations. Others would like to use some form of gravity device to drive their space ships far out into space. Others think that controlling gravity will give them free energy thus relieving the world of relying upon its natural resources. And there are a host of other things people believe can be accomplished with some type of gravity control.

    But I am a realist. Gravity is only another force that will take energy to manipulate. It is not a miracle cure for our energy woes and will not do all the things we wish it to do.

    At this very moment we are creating anti-gravitational forces. If we climb the steps in our house we are in fact overcoming gravity. If we drive our car up a hill we are overcoming gravity. If we fly an airplane we are overcoming gravity. In fact all methods that move us farther from the center of the earth are in fact overcoming gravity and all these methods are very efficient. When we climb the steps in our house we move upward a few feet but the earth moves downward a smidgen. All forces that push against the earth in any way, shape or form move the earth. All these methods accomplish their task by liberating energy. This energy, no matter where it comes from, generates heat which is then vented to its surroundings. This all comes about from the breakdown of higher forms of energy to lower forms of energy. Scientists call this an increase in entropy.

    If we throw a rock into the air we are liberating heat to produce the motion to throw the rock. The rock takes on motion and slows its time. When the rock falls back to the earth it gives up its motion and speeds up its time to where it was before it was thrown. But the rock laying on the ground is actually still in motion for the conservation of energy is never lost.

    All these actions can happen only because there is an equal and opposite reaction force. It is this type of force that drives our rocket ships into space. These ships are given forward motion by spewing out material at high velocities in the opposite direction of travel. Under these circumstances the ships do not push directly against the earth to gain their motion but the motion of the ships does in fact change the motion of the earth as the ships go out into space.

    When a ship or object goes into orbit around the earth that orbit is sustained by the ship’s velocity. In a stable orbit the ship is in a steady state of falling but never reaches the earth. The ship you could say is in a steady time zone, meaning that the time variants across the ship provide the necessary acceleration of the ship towards the earth in relationship to its velocity so that the ship continues to fall at a rate which keeps it at a constant distance from the earth. If the ship were to slow down, the time variant across the ship would change and the ship would correct its orbit accordingly.

    To accomplish all these things takes energy: to throw a rock, to put a ship into orbit, or to climb a hill. This is all the energy necessary if you’re efficient when you move an object above the surface of the earth. So you could say that if I could produce a counter gravity force efficiently I would need no more energy than it would take to lift an object off the ground, other than the fact that you would have to continuously supply that energy. So if we could produce a counter gravity force efficiently I would in fact have sufficient energy suppliers to accomplish the task. But the problem is how do we convert energy to a gravitational control system. Of course no one on earth has done such a thing and that is because mass is always compensating itself by always trading motion and time to maintain a constant energy creating a perfect balance in the uniform gravity density (UGD).

    In controlling gravity, the end product that we are looking for is a form of gravity control without using the equal and opposite reaction force. This is no simple task for we do not understand gravity enough to convert any known energy source to change gravity at all. I'm going to explore some hypothetical ideas on what we might be able to accomplish in this endeavor and how we might possibly accomplish it.

    First I'm going to explore what we can and cannot do with some type of gravitational control system. A gravitational device will have limits on what it can or cannot do. Let's look into some of those limits.

     I have said that gravity will not give us free energy. It will not. When used as a spaceship drive, it will not be able to push our spaceships effectively over large distances in space. If we create some form of anti-gravity its major use will be local or near the surface of the planet or in any other heavily curved space time. This is because the gravity we experience is only produced by curved space time or a difference in the density of the universal UGD between two points of space.

    If a balloon filled with helium was let loose in a room filled with air and that room was in orbit, which creates a uniform air pressure throughout the room, the balloon will just sit there. If an anti-gravity device was built it would be effective only where gravity exists. Any uniform state of gravity would give our gravity device nothing to work against. It would be like the balloon in a uniform air pressure. As I have mentioned we can detect no gravity in a uniform gravity dense field, therefore there is no way to produce an anti-gravity device if there is no gravity.

    What can we expect this device to do if we could build one? Let's build a hypothetical gravity control device. Let's say I have developed a method that allows me to create a curved space time field between two parallel plates. I place one plate above the other calling it the top plate and the one on the bottom the bottom plate, and I have left sufficient room between the two plates to place objects. These two plates are mounted on a platform that rests on a scale in which I can measure the overall weight of the apparatus. I'm assuming that my device is fairly efficient, therefore not taking an excessive amount of energy to operate.

    Now let's see what might happen if I operate my anti-gravity device. First of all the change of gravity, or the change of the gradient of the uniform gravity density in the device, is confined to the inside of the device since I have envisioned no method yet that could extend a gravity change outside a controlled environment. I have installed a control knob which allows me to vary the density of the universal UGD from the bottom of the device to the top of the device or vice versa. This is the same as varying time between the top and the bottom of the device.

    Now I turn on the power and adjust my control so the UGD between the two plates is uniform. That means there is no gravity variation or time variation between the two plates of the device, therefore I have cancelled out the earth’s space time curvature between the plates. To do this takes a certain amount of energy which would have to be supplied continuously because unlike an orbiting spaceship the device is not in motion. The effect would be like a helicopter hovering above the ground; it needs a continuous supply of energy to keep it in the air. This type of gravity control suffers the same restraints as the helicopter. We do not get something for nothing.

    Now that I have neutralized the gravity within the device one would assume that if I placed an object between the two plates that object would simply float around. It would, but only after forcing me to increase the energy I am supplying the device to maintain its neutrality. This is because the object would have to shed the motion of the earth’s gravity that it was using to hold it to the ground. If I placed a 10 pound object between the plates I would have to increase the energy input to my device until the object became weightless. The amount of energy input necessary to do this would be equivalent to the amount of energy needed to lift this 10 pound object into a self-sustaining orbit around the earth providing the efficiency of both systems was equal. The real difference here is that the energy needed to produce a zero gravity environment for this 10 pounds will have to be continually supplied to maintain this condition while the energy needed to put the 10 pounds in orbit is the only energy needed because the 10 pounds has gained motion. The device is producing relative motion by changing time.

    Now what happens to the weight of our device when all this is going on? If I place the 10 pound weight in the device and the device was off, the device would become 10 pounds heavier. But what happens when I turn the device on and neutralize the object? Will the device become 10 pounds lighter? This is what you want to happen. But no, the device will not become 10 pounds lighter. This may be very discouraging but you’ll see why as you read on. But if the weight is just floating in the device how can that be? The weight when neutralized would in effect be accelerating itself upward at the same rate the earth would be accelerating the weight downward, thus producing the same effect as the weight would see in orbit. Here the overall weight of the device and what is inside it is strictly a local condition and any local condition is still subject to gravity. We are not, with this type of device, pushing against the earth’s gravity.

    How would I create a device that will lift objects off the surface of the earth? The first thought that comes to mind is that if I set my controls so the weight inside the device is pushed up against the top of the device that weight should lift the device off the ground. But if you tried this experiment you’d find that not to be the case. What you would find is that the top of the box and the weight are being pressed together very tightly but the overall weight of the device has not changed. This is because you’re dealing with a local closed loop system.

    This type of device, if one could build one, would be quite useful in producing an artificial gravity in a space ship because the effect of the system would only occur between the two plates. When we use this device to change time directly across an object we are creating a local gravity environment. A second idea would be that if you could change the time difference across individual particles thus nullifying the gravitational time reference of those partials you could create the same anti-gravity effect.

    At present the only method we currently have of changing time is with the use of motion or a gravitational field. To create a zero gravity state at the surface of the earth using gravity you have to have another earth of equal mass just above you. This of course is not quite practical so is there another way to change time across mass other than using another massive object?

    We have an extreme advantage of dealing with gravity in a closed system but when it comes to dealing with the gravity of the earth we have a completely different problem. Earth’s gravitational field could be considered a closed system but the problem is we only have one-half the system. For us to do productive work we need a closed energy system because without one we have nothing to work against. That is why the only method we have at this present time to control gravity uses the equal and opposite forces we have at our disposal. Does gravity have an opposite force? And if so, where is it and how can we control it to produce an anti-gravitational force to lift us off the earth?

     There are theories that would use the space fabric or the UGD as a means of propulsion. This is done by simply creating a vacuum in front of you and pressure behind you thus creating a forward motion. Changing time in space is the same thing the earth is doing but as you can see it does not give the earth any motion. When in uniform space the gravity curvature around an object is perfectly balanced and will not produce an acceleration.

    The effect of creating a vacuum in front and a pressure behind us in space already exists in nature. When mass is set in motion it creates a slower time in its direction of travel and a faster time behind it. As explained earlier, mass migrates toward a slower time or a denser UGD. This means that mass itself is falling into its own distortion keeping the object in motion. This distortion is not produced by the energy within the object but by the energy given to it by the forces that created its motion.

    To do all of this of course means that one must be able to use energy to change time. Now it's hard enough to think of how gravity works much less how time works. In fact changing time would seem more difficult than changing gravity. I only know of two things that change time and they are motion and a gravitational field. Is there any possibility of changing time and doing it with some energy source? Is there something in nature that gives us a clue of how to do this, and if so, where is it hiding and why have we not observed it? Or like many things, have we been looking at it all the time and because of our nature have not realized that it is starring us in the face at this moment?

     Strings, quarks, protons, neutrons, electrons, plus the hundreds of other particles and all their anti-particles of the particles build the molecules and substances that make up our universe. It is clearly recognized that mass and energy are equivalent but energy by itself does not create a gravitational curvature like mass does. Is this possible or is the energy just too feeble to create a curvature of space we could possibly measure? However it is quite clear that energy has a connection to mass.

    I start this part by asking a few basic questions. I do this because if I am to try and visualize something I need something to visualize. Visualizing a string as a vibrating object brings up more questions than answers, such as for something to vibrate, by simple logic, something has to be there to vibrate in the first place.

    If a string vibrates, what is the composition of the string that promotes the vibration? In other words what holds this vibration together to form the string? The only answer we have at this point is that the string vibrates because energy causes it to vibrate. It is possible that a string is held together by the same mechanism that holds the electromagnetic waves together? Is it some form of a self-imposed force field? Or could it be just the four basic forces that we know of in the universe that are keeping the string intact.

    What keeps the vibration from decaying? Particles seem to last forever. The internal string vibrations are virtually inaccessible to us in this universe. The basic energy of strings strictly obeys the laws of conservation of time, energy and motion. You cannot destroy that energy.

    The strong force; where did it come from? The strong force is presented to us as a force conveying particles called the gluons, and these gluons are said to have a charge which can produce a magnetic field much like an electron. It is confusing enough trying to understand why an electron, when moving through a conductor, produces a magnetic field, and when stationary or free simply has a charge. What is the electron doing to its environment to produce a magnetic field? As of now we have not the slightest idea what a magnetic field is. We can determine how a magnetic field is created and all of its parameters and characteristics, but not how it acts through the so-called empty space to effect other objects.

    It appears that the more questions you ask the more you begin to wonder about particles and how they were formed by the big bang. The big bang at its beginning produced more than a soup bowl of single strings; it produced a multitude of different strings and possibly other particles. Apparently there were some strings vibrating at low frequencies and some at higher frequencies. The lowest string vibration is said to produce the gravitational curvature. If this is the case it is this string which produces what we call mass. This would mean that this particular vibrating string must be contained in the main structure of all mass. Or does a single string that is vibrating at some frequency have harmonics or sub-harmonics which produce or create the gravitational curvature?

    It is known that the proton has three quarks at its center and these three quarks only harbor about two percent of the proton’s mass. The rest of the proton is composed of gluons which surround the outer portion of the quarks and a cloud of virtual particle pairs hovers at the outer portion of the gluon cloud. If gluons and virtual particles have no mass, where does the rest of the mass of the proton come from? If the quarks have so little influence inside the proton how do they hold or maintain the surrounding gluons? Are the gluons somehow an integral part of the quarks? If you could get a quark by itself, would it have a cloud of gluons around it? As I have said before, using a force bearing particle to account for gravity, the strong force, the weak force, or the electromagnetic force bewilders me. My mind seems to be stuck on continuous fields. But we have something called duality and that is a particle acting as a wave or a wave acting as a particle. A thought I will explore later.

    As you can see I am asking questions that have no answers other than highly specified conjecture produced by mathematical equations. It becomes quite obvious that we know a great deal of how particles act and respond and very little of the actual nature of their makeup.

    Theory says that it was in the process of cooling after the big bang that higher order particles were formed, such as the protons, electrons and neutrons. These were caused by the manifestation of the four known forces. These particles formed through phase transitions something like steam turning to water when it is cooled. The strings formed quarks and the strong force pulled together the quarks forming protons, neutrons and electrons. Shortly after that they formed nuclei and later as more cooling took place the nuclei attracted electrons producing our basic atoms. All this took place as the universe started to cool from the big bang temperature. Then over time and more cooling, the gravitational field became more dominant and produced the larger objects which eventually produced enough heat and pressure to cause the formation of molecules. Elements such as gold, platinum and lead could not have been produced by the simple cooling after the big bang but were produced in stars and neutron stars by an intense gravity.

    There are also many theories which are gaining prominence that the big bang was not how the universe was formed. In Part 4 I will present a completely different picture of how this could have happened and still explain many of the phenomena we observe that lead us to a big bang conclusion.

    Now we know protons repel each other and electrons repel each other and neutrons don't seem to care. For some reason protons and neutrons will come and stick to each other forming the nucleus of our atoms but even neutrons will only approach each other to a certain degree. There is a repelling force that prevents them from getting any closer to each other even though the same strong force is holding both of the particles together. There is a distinctive barrier between all stable particles. Some particles repel each other, others attract each other, but never, unless under extreme conditions, will these particles merge together. They simply will stand apart and come no closer unless forced to do so. A neutron star is made up of pure neutrons, but even with the strength of gravity of that star you cannot get those neutrons to come together any closer than simply touching each other.

    Why does the weak force oppose a weak force and the strong force oppose a strong force once these forces are established, yet the same forces hold the particles together? What is stopping these particles from merging?

    This does not happen in the larger universe with gravity. In the larger universe if one galaxy or planet is drawn to another by gravity the galaxies or planets will collide and intermix forming one object. This is not so with particles; they will not intermix voluntarily.

    It seems like a straightforward thing to say that the big bang created all the existing particles under some laws provided by a ten-dimensional system. At exactly what point gravity was created I guess would depend upon at what point mass was created. However strings are said to have no mass, therefore where did mass come from? I am not the only one asking these questions. String theory has many unanswered questions and strings are said to be two-dimensional because they are a point with length but the universe is three-dimensional and should be explained in that context.

    Why do particles have barriers around them making them stable and preventing intrusion from other particles? Is this what the major difference is between what happens in space and what happens at the sub-atomic level? Is this where the separation of quantum mechanics and relativity takes place? What is the barrier? There are apparently several barriers. One surrounds the particles that make up the nucleus or the strong force, and one surrounds the nucleus and holds the electrons or the weak force. In certain atoms the electrons can move fairly freely in and out of the barrier while in other atoms the electrons are held quite tightly preventing easy movement. Scientists have connected together the strong force, the weak force and the electromagnetic force, showing that they are different manifestations of the same force. In other words, all three forces are electrical in nature but appear to us in different forms.

    Now let us stop asking questions and see if we can put some answers in place to make some sense in what is happening in our universe.

    Life is a product of our environment. We are looking at our environment from within a closed system. It is the only reference we have and it severely inhibits our observations. It is only because of the ability for life to reason that we can look beyond our environment and then understand how it is constructed. So I am going to now take a look at something in our environment that is so commonplace that it might astound you to believe that it is something different than what it seems.

    Now, don’t get excited, for there is no evidence that heat has anything to do with gravity. Any object can be hot or cold and these conditions will not cause the object to get heavier or lighter or move through space. So what is heat? Heat is one of the most common things in nature however I believe that we have misunderstood what the nature of heat is. Although you might find this outlandish it makes some kind of common sense. Heat has always intrigued me because of what it can do to matter, but simply saying things get hot because we add energy to them leaves a lot to be desired. So I'm going to give you a different look at heat, one that might totally surprise you and make you think differently of the universe.

    In the beginning of my article I brought up the subject of heat and hinted that in some way it may be distorting the space the atoms are in. Heat has fascinated me in its ability to virtually destroy molecules and atoms and its ability to tear them and everything else apart down to the string level when it reaches the temperature of the big bang. Heat effects virtually everything.

    Most definitions of heat are presented as energy that is distributed randomly throughout a system. This energy is defined as radiation, photons, or just plain energy. Why this energy distorts the atoms or particles of the universe is unclear. It is simply stated that things get hot and vibrate erratically. The amount of heat in a system can determine the stability of the system. There appears to be nothing that can escape the effects of heat. But gravity does not care about heat. You can have an object on the earth as hot as the big bang but it will still fall to the ground.

    But heat does expand things. A hot-air molecule occupies more space, therefore appears lighter and will rise upward in a room. There is a vast amount of information concerning what temperatures can do to materials but very little information about how heat actually does destroy atoms other than they just vibrate themselves to pieces and somehow equalize the forces of nature bringing about a higher symmetry. Almost all of the effects of heat can be linked to electrical properties which make up the three basic forces. Heat can be produced by a number of means such as friction, chemical reaction, electrical resistance, the breakdown of atoms and molecules, and the decay of atoms. It takes the generation of heat to cause an explosion or to do work of any sort. Most heat is liberated in the form of radiation and a great deal by infrared because it is the predominant characteristic frequency of electrons jumping orbits. Energy is released in the form of heat when an atom is broken down; when the weak force or the strong force is broken energy is released from the structure.

    All objects move because of the liberation of heat. When energy is liberated between two objects the energy travels outward at the speed of light virtually pushing the objects apart. At least that is the result we observe, but it may not be an expansion or push that causes the objects to separate. When energy is released it is attempting to fill the universe and return to its original symmetry. But because the UGD density has increased it is held back from doing just that and manifests itself as an energy wave. We call this wave electromagnetic radiation. When I use the word radiation I mean electromagnetic radiation at all frequencies.

    I described a hypothetical magic crystal in Part 2 in which I could vary the uniform gravity density of that crystal to a point of placing our solar system in it. I showed that when I increase the crystal’s density, time and motion slows down because of the higher delay properties of the crystal thus causing the solar system to shrink to a smaller and smaller size. Because we are in a different frame of reference from the crystal we can observe these changes. If we were in the crystal or in its reference frame we could not observe the changes taking place.

    I'm going to equate the shrinking of the solar system to that of the cooling of an atom. I'm going to say that the atom has a localized uniform gravity density which is separate from us just like my magic crystal is separate from me in my laboratory and that there is a barrier that keeps the density surrounding the atom intact. In this case the atom is at the same temperature that we are.

    But it is obvious that the density of the local UGD that the solar system is in is quite different from that of my laboratory. And I'm going to equate a change of temperature to the change of the size of my magic crystal in which the solar system is confined.

    Here the barrier between me and my magic crystal keeps the density of the magic crystal confined thus not causing a gravitational difference between me and my lab and the crystal. But my lab still sees the gravity produced by the mass inside the crystal. This is mostly to demonstrate what temperature may be doing. I will elaborate on the confinement barrier and its nature later and why it does not change or cause a gravity differential. As I have shown before, if I place the magic crystal on a scale and measure its weight I would get some number in which I could refer to as mass. If I vary the density of the crystal I would find that the overall mass of the crystal containing the solar system would not change, hence its gravity would not change even though the internal parts of the solar system in the crystal would in fact be changing. When I increase the crystal’s density the planets move slower and closer together and everything basically shrinks. When I decrease the crystal’s density the planets move faster and farther apart but gravity or the mass of the crystal remains the same.

    Now let us relate this to an atom and say that the atom is surrounded by a force field created by its energy that maintains a very dense local UGD around itself. When I apply heat to the atom the effect is that the local UGD decreases, speeding up time and causing the atom to expand in relation to its surroundings. In this instance the atom is no longer at the same temperature with the surrounding atoms and it is now demanding more space. If I increase its density it will get colder. This is what I would observe for my reference frame.

    Here you might think that by changing the atom’s density there should be a uniform change in distance of the orbit of the electrons from the nucleus of the atom. Like in my crystal, the planets in the solar system would move outward in proportion to the lessening of the density of the crystal. But in the atom we do not see this. Electrons do not move uniformly outward from the nucleus when we heat it or lessen its density.

    This is because there are other forces involved and the freedom of movement of the particles within the atom have limitations. The electrical forces, or the weak force holding the electrons in orbit about the nucleus, are extremely strong compared to gravity in which our solar system is bound together. In the atom’s case, when I lessen its density the electrons speed up their motion instead of moving outward because they are still held by the weak force their present orbit or shell. But as I decrease the density even more by adding heat, the electrons increase speed eventually overcoming the electrical properties holding the electrons in place and the electrons then jump to a higher orbit. If I were to increase the heat even more, lessening the density of the local UGD, the electrons will again increase their velocity until they again can overcome the electrical properties holding them there.

    If heating would continue, eventually all the electrons would gain sufficient energy by their increase in velocity to overcome their electrical properties and fly away from the nucleus. Even more heating would do the same to the nucleus of the atom tearing apart the protons and neutrons, and so forth. By the addition of energy the particles are simply returning to their original state on their own. It is our reference that says they are being taken apart. All this of course we say is done by heating, but the reality is heating is only a manifestation caused by our reference frame. The real culprit here is the change of time and motion caused by the change of density of the local UGD. Heating, or the change of density, has the properties to take a particle and return it to a higher symmetry. This process in effect is bringing the four forces holding the atom together towards an equal strength or a higher symmetry.

    So what we observed as heat or difference of temperature by our standards is nothing more than a time and motion change caused by the varying of the local uniform gravity density which is a part of all particles. This action conserves the particles’ energy.

    There has been a great deal of speculation on why quantum theory, the theory of the sub-atomic level, does not work well with the theory of the cosmos. This may be because our observations of particles is distorted thus forcing us to produce wrong conclusions. It's like taking my magic crystal and reducing the size of our solar system to that of a marble and then trying to observe the actions of the solar system from my laboratory’s frame of reference. I will not get the same results that I get from going outside and observing the planets’ movements around our sun.

    The local UGD around our particles or atoms can vary in density drastically from the universal UGD of the universe. When particles were formed creating mass they also created a barrier between the universal UGD and their own. The strong and weak forces contain only a portion of the universe’s UGD which shows up as mass. When I give energy to an atom or heat it I uniformly change the overall UGD of that atom which in effect changes, in different proportions, all the forces that hold the atom together.

    When the string was formed it contained all four forces and they only manifested themselves when time and motion slowed. Here you could say that time changes create the symmetry breaking which causes the phase transitions we observe in nature. The only time changes we have been able to observe are in the larger scale of the universe and that is in a gravitational field or an object put into motion and these changes can only be seen in reference to our frame of reference. But we know that heating and cooling does in fact change time. If you heat a clock it runs faster; if you heat an oscillating crystal its frequency increases. To make highly accurate measurements of time we must use clocks that are held under highly stable temperature conditions. So now we have added heat as another method of changing time.

    If we look at particles from a prospective that they are bound up in time shells and each time shell has a distinct local uniform gravity density number, we can think of atoms in a different manner. The energy contained in each of the time shells can be vast. The strong force which holds the quarks together can be considered a very dense time zone or localized UGD area created by the particles themselves. The weak forces extending out from the nucleus of atoms can be considered less dense and for some reason decreases outward from the nucleus in discreet layers. If a particle attempts to enter or leave a denser local time zone it will have to gain or lose energy to compensate for the time change when trying to do so.

    Let us go back to the basic particle once more. Let’s say it is a single loop string and it is vibrating and it is at the temperature of the big bang. I am going to make some rather wild assumptions here, and that is for the string to vibrate and simply not fall apart and to not radiate its energy into space it has to have something confining that energy. Here I am going to say that the four forces which are at their highest symmetry are acting together to maintain the string vibration or its energy. Also that the density of the uniform gravity density is near zero at the big bang temperature. I am stating here that the four forces are the glue that holds the vibrating string together and these four forces must remain intact to keep the string’s identity no matter what the string’s temperature is.

    When at the temperature of the big bang the strong force has just as much distance influence that gravity has. Hence the string’s vibration covers a huge amount of space in comparison to the vibration we see today in our universe where the string is at an extremely small size. If we put this condition as the condition of the beginning of the universe we can visualize how a particle or atom is formed and why it has different forces in its structure.

    Now let’s increase the density of the universe’s UGD and follow what happens to our original string particle. I’m only using one particle as a reference even though there was a large mix of different particles in the universe to begin with. When the UGD starts to increase, the forces within the particle which hold it together do not react equally. When the decrease in density starts, the strong force reacts drastically to the change of time and rapidly changes to maintain the energy within the vibration. This preserves the particle’s identity. But with any change in time or motion there is a change in all forces except gravity because the particle’s mass does not change.

    Since the particle already exists as a wave, its mass has been predetermined hence there is no real change in gravity other than being condensed to a smaller area or volume. It is still and always will be connected to the entire universe. As the density of the UGD continues to increase and time slows even more, the strong force intensifies around the base particle or vibration which is now shrinking rapidly in size.

    All the changes that take place are what we call phase transitions. These changes are for the explicit purpose of preserving all the characteristics of the original particle wave so that when you heat the particle back up it will return to its original beginning symmetry. This is the conservation of energy. The strong force and the weak force are generated for that specific purpose. Without the preservation of this information held within these forces the base particle could not go back to its original form at the temperature of the big bang.

Particle Identities . . . and what keeps them apart.

    Let’s make a particle in my laboratory. Let’s say I take a proton and make it the size of a marble in my laboratory by using my magic crystal. The actual time difference between the marble-size proton and me is quite large and when there is a difference of time you have a difference of energy and motion. If I were now to approach my marble-size proton and try to enter its surface I would find an extreme amount of resistance. Here the time difference between my lab and the marble’s frame of reference sets the amount of energy necessary for either one of us to impose occupying the same space with the other.

    The barriers that hold particles apart are localized time barriers and each have their own private reference frame and each have their own motion and energy. If I were to try and take a particle out of the proton’s reference frame its time and motion would have to increase drastically to preserve the conservation of energy that the universe demands when entering or leaving different time zones. So when the particle tries to leave my marble-size proton its UGD has to decrease causing its time and motion to speed up to match my reference frame, in effect releasing energy that had created the denser local UGD in the first place. In other words, to get a particle out of a time zone you must add energy to the particle. The conservation of energy will not permit the movement of particles between time zones without readjusting the proportions between all the existing forces. The dominant forces here are the strong, the weak and the electromagnetic, while gravity is only changed when energy is gained or lost from the system.

    This makes the universal UGD a time zone of its own and must itself obey the conservation of energy. Because the localized UGD density is fully compensated for by the forces and energy within the particle itself the universal uniform gravity density is not effected, therefore not causing a curved space region between the particle and the universe. Localized time zones are closed systems and closed systems do not effect gravity.

    The electric field and the magnetic field both represent a very strong force compared to gravity. Here I firmly believe that the strong force and the weak force are in fact very extreme time changes in the universal UGD. By saying this I am implying that any object entering one of these localized gravity density fields will experience the gravitational effect. But we know by experiment that a magnetic field, for instance, does not produce the gravitational affect. If this were the case any object placed into a magnetic field of a permanent magnet would be drawn to the polls of that magnet. As it turns out, only objects with similar properties of the magnet are in fact effected by the magnetic field.

    If all forces were indeed created from a single force and the strong force and the weak force were created out of the universal UGD to preserve the characteristics of the original particle, then why does this change of local density not effect all particles like the overall universe’s uniform gravity density does?

    This is a dilemma that I have looked at and thought about for a long time. The thoughts I have here are a conclusion I reached which may be entirely wrong but have some logic to them.

    The three major forces were created from a condition of the uniform gravity density. The curvature of gravity is caused by the total sum of the energy within each particle no matter what that energy represents to us. This means that the three forces are integral parts of each and every base particle but do not react the same under density changes of the UGD. Because they do not appear to us in the form of the original particle means nothing to the particle’s original mass. That mass strictly conserves the law of the universe which strictly adheres to the conservation of energy. It is this law that precipitates the three basic forces we observe today. The UGD could be considered the energy all particles are made up of.

    The original characteristics of the original particle are stored in the three basic forces and when the proper conditions exist will return the particle to its original higher symmetry from which it started from. It is the local UGD that stores this information or energy. All this is tied up in how strings maintain their vibrations. Since all particles degenerate into radiation one can only assume that the original vibrations are electrical and are much like the way light oscillates. There is a magnetic and an electro-static field which are held together by the forces created between them thus producing a positive and negative oscillation. So what is happening when we take a huge vibration that spans the universe and shrink it to the size of a string? This in effect condenses energy. It does not increase energy so it does not change gravity. It simply takes an energy that is spread through a huge volume and puts that same energy into a much smaller volume.

    To do this without changing gravity these different energies must be symmetrical. They must produce a positive and negative condition in time which cancels out the overall effect of the universal UGD thus remaining neutral to the UGD as a whole. Thus the time barriers are not an outward force but looped forces in which the time arrows or the time difference in the UGD are in a path around or within the particle. If this looped path is a magnetic field then the time difference would be either from the positive to the negative or negative to the positive but would not be radiated. But then one could say that if I placed a non-magnetic object in that field it should migrate to one of the magnetic polls but this does not happen. This does not happen because the object is only experiencing one-half of the time distortion. For gravity to be effected and cause a time difference that causes motion, that object must see an asymmetrical time change. Furthermore, the three forces only produce an asymmetrical time change as a whole. A magnetic field has two properties. One is the lines of force between the north and the south pole of the magnet, and the second is the field at right angles to those lines of force. Hence a magnetic field is split. Any non-magnetic material placed in the magnetic field will only experience half of that field. If another object can produce the other half of the time distortion (such as another magnet or a material that can produce a magnetic field) it will align itself with the time distortion. It also will align itself in the opposite polarity mimicking the other half of the distortion, thus producing a localized gravitational affect which we call magnetism.

    Yes, a magnetic field is a very intense localized gravitational distortion or time distortion in the universal UGD. It in effect is a time shell, although a weak one. The time shells of atoms are energy shells and any time you enter or leave a time shell the forces that drive the object doing so must be sufficient to overcome the local shell. These corrections take energy and if there is insufficient energy in the movement of the object against a shell the object will run against the time shell it is trying to enter and will not be able to penetrate it. Hence we get what we call solid matter which gives us the ability to push against things.

    These time zones which keep particles apart create a host of other interesting phenomena. These are the ability for atoms to form and for these atoms to form molecules and these molecules to form structures. These time zones produce the magnetism and the electromagnetic energy fields we use in our everyday life.

    When atoms are connected to atoms they appear to be connected by the electrons. But in reality it is not the electrons themselves that are the binding force that holds atoms together. It is the intermixing of time shells that surround each atom which is causing the actual binding force. The electron interchange occurs only because they are moving in the same time shells of each atom giving the appearance that it is the electron doing the binding. To separate atoms you must overcome the energy of the time shell to break the atoms apart. In other words, you must change the UGD or neutralize the time between the two atoms. To do this you must give energy to the atoms themselves or raise their temperature or speed up their time.

    A quark cannot be removed from the proton’s gluons because the gluons are part of the quark. The gluons are the necessary energy held by the vibration that it has to have to return the quark to its original symmetry. It is what is maintaining the particle’s original energy. When you try to remove the quark the gluons merge back into the vibration and simply form the original quark pair that the quark came from. The strong force is a very dense structured time zone loop.

    This may seem like a stupid question to those who read this article and find it interesting, but have you ever wondered what the magnetic field is and why it exists?

    The electron has an electric field associated with it. But when these electrons are not in motion, not considering the motion of the electron around the nucleus at this moment, they simply have an electric charge. Free electrons in a conductor do not produce a magnetic field around the conductor unless the conductor is within a circuit and the electrons are forced through the conductor.

    In a circuit the electrons must move from one atom to another atom and in the process of doing this the electron must enter a time shell of one atom then leave that time shell and then enter another one in order to travel along the conductor. An electron has its own electric field or time zone but this electric field is canceled by the proton when the electron is in the atom’s time shell.

    This process means that the electric field or the local UGD field associated with the electron must change its energy level in order to compensate for the time difference when changing time zones. This has to happen in order to preserve the conservation of energy. Here motion changes time.

    Let’s again use my magic crystal in my lab to try and illustrate this. If I call my magic crystal an atom and make it the size of a basketball and then connect many of the basketballs together forming a chain which represents a conductor in a circuit, we can visualize what might be happening to the electron.

    Now let us move the electrons along the conductor. For the electrons in the atom’s shell to move to the next atom they must leave the atom’s outer shell and enter into my laboratory and then back into the next atom in line. When the electron is in the atom itself the electron’s properties or mixture of its force properties are different than they are outside the atom’s time shells. So when the electron leaves an atom’s time shell and enters my reference frame it corrects its force properties accordingly, or to a higher time and motion condition, thus expanding its own local UGD energy shell. This is only a momentary expansion but we see it as a magnetic effect because we are forcibly changing the electric field of the particle. So what we get is a time fluctuation in the local UGD. This fluctuation is using the universal UGD but it is constrained to a loop. The electron’s movement is not only changing the electric field of the electron it is also changing the electric field of the atom when it moves in and out of a time zone. The energy I applied to the system is converted to the generation of the magnetic field which is a local time zone field and when these fields change they can convey energy.

    Because there are literally thousands or millions of these events occurring simultaneously we see the effect as a continuous field. The lines of force we observe are merely the accumulation effect of the multitudes of individual electrons changing time zones for each electron will produce its own individual line of force.

    Now what about a permanent magnet? Permanent magnet fields occur in only certain types of material called ferric materials, such as iron. They also are conductive. It is the crystalline structure of these materials that maintain atoms in alignment to form the magnetic field. If it was not for this the individual atoms within the material would be in random alignment and the total effect of the magnetic field would not be observed. The structure of the basic material is so that the outer electrons of its atoms cross time shell barriers creating individual monopole magnets. When these atoms are aligned properly in one direction then the external magnetic field can be observed and measured.

    It is either the electron’s orbital characteristics or the sharing of electrons between atoms that bring the electron in and out of the time shell domains which produce the magnetic effect or time energy shell. The magnetic effect is not radiated away because energy is neither gained nor lost thus producing a steady state condition. The magnetic field we observe turns out to be part of the electron’s balancing act between forces. The only way magnetic energy can be radiated or separated from an atom is when that energy is excess energy or energy that was added to the system from some outside source. The basic particle energy will always remain with the basic particle.

    The plus and minus effect of a magnet is due to the localized UGD time variation along the lines of force. In a sense the magnetic field itself is a time domain structure which is sufficiently strong to effect other local UGD in the vicinity of the field, providing the other structure’s local UGD has a similar time zone characteristic. The time difference between the plus and minus is quite strong compared to the time difference of the entire object to another object. The force of gravity completely disregards a local time zone configuration. Because these local time zones exhibit a perfectly balanced condition they cancel out the effect on the universal uniform gravity density.

    A magnetic needle like that of a compass will align itself with the magnetic lines of force because the time lines of each of the magnets produce the necessary other half of the time gradient needed to produce the gravitational time migration that produces the motion generated between two magnets.

     Since all particles carry time shell barriers it means you must expand energy to cross them and that is why matter appears solid even though we know there are huge amounts of space between the inner portions of atoms and particles. It is why we do not fall through the earth or why heat is necessary to bring atoms together and form molecules. The only way you can enter a time zone like the strong force is by taking that force back to the particle’s original symmetry and to do that you must expend energy. This is why atom smashers were built. They accelerate particles at high velocities arming them with sufficient energy to penetrate deep into the atom. This energy is needed to penetrate time shells to release the particles held inside.

    These time shells were created for the explicit purpose of preserving the original particle’s configuration and energy. This was all set forth by everything in the universe having to conform to the laws of conservation of energy.

    The quarks inside a proton are the vibrating nuggets of the proton and they hold the strong force which was created for the purpose of preserving the original quark. The nuggets and the strong force are one and the same thing. You cannot separate quarks from the strong force that holds it. The weak force is also part of the quark and gravity is a combination of the three forces and cannot be separated any more than the strong force can be separated from the little vibrating nugget we call the quark. All this goes back to the string’s symmetry condition at the temperature of the big bang.

Your comments are always welcomed at.   gravity@gravityms.com

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Author Cliff Clinton    Copyrighted.   July 22,2001