PART   5

                                 GRAVITY MADE SIMPLE

   I explain in the first four parts of Gravity Made Simple that gravity is simply the product of the conservation of energy. It simply says that when you change motion you change time, or when you change time you change motion. All these actions take place to keep energy constant. Since the presence of mass changes time, by doing something to the space fabric in its vicinity it will cause other objects in the area to go into motion, therefore ensuring that the conservation of energy is maintained.

   I also mention that I did not know how the actual motion takes place, but after much thought and contemplation it became clear. Gravity has always been thought of as a one-sided force because it only draws things together, but the reality is gravity is a two-sided force. On our side of the earth you are pulled toward its center and on the other side of the earth you are pulled toward its center. Two masses must be present before gravity can work to move them. It is well known that we fall very fast towards the earth, but we do not realize that the earth actually moves towards us at the same time; not by much, but the earth does move. All objects respond in this way no matter how large or small they are.

   So when we speak of gravity there must be two objects with mass to be able to create the gravitational motion as we know it.

   In this part I am going to give you some new thoughts about gravity which do not violate the time, motion and energy rules which I have talked about in the first four parts and which are governed by the conservation of energy.

   These thoughts came about while I was mulling over the dimensionality of space. Superstring theory uses dimensions for its explanation of how space works and how particles are formed, so while looking at these dimensions a very strange and weird idea popped into my head, although with all of its weirdness it made some kind of sense. Over time this concept kept coming back into my thoughts and would not let go, therefore I sat down and began to put some reasoning into what I was thinking.

   When you read what I am presenting your first thought will be that I have lost my marbles, and for a time I believed that myself for with all our present knowledge of physics this idea could not be right. So I am now going to give you this new revolutionary way of thinking. But don't get discouraged when reading this concept, for it does make some kind of sense even though it will seemingly contradict a vast amount of physics.

   If you will bear with me, I will try and explain this new idea about particles, mass and gravity that will challenge your imagination.

   To start with, I am going to go back and look at energy for a few moments. We are an energy system. Energy is what drives all our forces which causes mass which causes motion which creates gravity. Energy is the sum total of everything that happens in our universe. Nothing moves, nothing gets hot, nothing gets cold, and life would never have been created if something in the past had not bound together basic particles creating atoms and molecules that built all of the things we see in our universe today. All the energy we use today is from the taking apart of the matter which was product in our past.

   Superstring theory gives us a better understanding of what energy is. It states that the energy in the vibration of a loop string (about the size of Planck’s length, or 10^-33 cm) is tremendous because it takes vast amounts of energy for something the size of a string to vibrate. This means that the loop must be under extreme tension. In a string loop this tension can be related to a vibrational energy which can be translated to a particle’s mass on the order of 10 billion billion times the mass of a proton. Theory says that this particle’s mass is way too large and does not match the actual masses of our everyday particles. As an example, the mass of an electron is something like .00054 times that of a proton. If a string loop represents an electron, then the mass of the string, when derived from its energy content, has nothing in common with the electron, for obviously an electron does not have that kind of mass that the vibrating string has. Therefore, in string theory, the masses predicted are obviously not in accordance with our everyday particles. This is a major flaw in string theory and most all theories.

   Here is where another theory, called Quantum Mechanics, was used to solve this excess mass problem. Quantum Mechanics is based on the uncertainty principle and therefore uses probabilities to explain many of the strange things happening in the world of the small. It also puts energy into quantitative discrete bundles. Under quantum theory there is something called quantum jitter (which is said to be negative energy), and it is this jitter that cancels out a huge portion of the vibrating string loop energy bringing the mass of the string particles to a reasonable level.

   So superstring theory and Quantum Mechanics come together to solve the string excess mass problem. I have many problems with this notion that one vibration in free space can cancel out another vibration. You can see this type of cancellation if you have two waves of identical amplitude and frequency and phase them so the positive and negative cancel out each other. This works only if you are observing these waves at the exact time that the peaks and valleys are coinciding. It is here that you will observe an apparent zero energy state, but you know the energy must still be there, for if you change the frequency slightly or shift the phase of your vibration the waves will reappear. In free space radiation waves simply coincide with each other and go on their merry way. They create energy nulls and peaks, but the waves are never stopped in their foreword motion and their energies simply do not disappear.

   To complicate this jitter cancellation it is known that string loops do not always vibrate at a single frequency. It would mean that the vibrations of the string and the quantum jitter must be perfectly matched with each other to cause this apparent energy cancellation. So to make this work the string loop vibration and the quantum jitter must be synchronized in some way. Whichever the case, the two must work together in all combinations of vibrations to create the cancellation effect. Superstring theory predicts an infinite number of vibrational patterns, so quantum jitter would have to match each and every one of these patterns. Now if the cancellation is purely the effect of the presence of negative energy, then again the amount of negative energy compared to the positive energy would have to be perfect. It becomes apparent that one must create the other.

   Is it possible that there is no need to cancel out all this energy in order to derive the amount of mass we see in our particles? Can energy really be canceled with quantum jitter in this way or is energy always there no matter what we do to try and cover up that fact? If this is true, why do particles have so little mass when they have so much energy? Because energy is directly related to mass and mass is directly related to gravity, why do we have so little gravity? Is there a form of energy that does not create mass? Is it possible that this form of energy makes up the majority of our particles? If the energy that creates mass cannot be canceled out no matter what we do, where does this leave us? Even string theory only touches lightly on gravity and has to use constants, fudge factors, approximations or probabilities to cancel out the enormous amount of energy stored in our particles to something reasonable when that energy is related to mass. Can we explain this lack of mass without using the cancellation theories? It is obvious something must be going on that we are overlooking.

   Gravity and its properties were determined from the rate of fall of an object on the earth, the effect the sun has on the earth, and the effect earth has on the moon and all the other planets. This then is extended to the universe, covering stars and galaxies. It was determined that gravity is an unidirectional force. It attracts in all directions at the same time, and because of this its force drops off by an amount determined by the gravitational equations of Newton and Einstein. This is true for all large masses.

   But when it comes to small masses our ability to measure extremely weak gravitational fields is severely limited for many reasons. The effect of the other three forces is so strong compared to gravity that trying to measure a particle’s individual gravity at the microscopic level far exceeds our technical abilities. So we use these gravitational equations of gravity and translate them to the microscopic level believing that gravity acts the same at these levels as it does for the entire universe.

   Can we really use the larger measurements of gravity when working at the microscopic level of our particle’s size? Do particles have the same gravitational characteristics as our planets?

   String theory gets more complicated as one digs into its details. It goes into vibrating strings which wrap themselves around curled up dimensions of space and so forth. Is energy really so complicated, or is it simply the way we are thinking? Have we gotten off the track of common sense and have not yet developed a good visual representation of the string and how it may be creating the particles we see today?

   As I have mentioned before, if a particle influences all of space, that influence is part of that particle and cannot be separated from it. Gravity, in all due respect, is part of a particle that effects the entire universe, therefore the particle is as big as the universe. All the particle’s forces are in the basic make-up of the particle and cannot be detached from it without destroying or altering the particle itself.

   It is extremely hard to visualize the size of a string particle to the size of the universe for if a particle is the size of Planck’s length, or 10^-33 cm, how could it possibly influence the entire universe? If you were comparing the size of a string to the size of us, it would be something like comparing the size of the universe to the size of a house, but here you have the universe compared to a string. How could such a small thing like a string influence such a large area? It stretches one’s imagination beyond belief. But do not be deceived; size and distance are two different things. A string may be an inch away from us, but the edge of the universe to us is quite a different matter. A string may see the universe as we see the string.

   If we now look at the other three forces that emanate from the string we see that they have a great influence on our own world. The strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces all play a major role in our everyday life. It is these forces that hold the strings, atoms and our molecules together creating our very existence. Gravity only plays a very minor role in the building of atoms, but maybe not, as you will see as you read on. Gravity may play a lot more of a role than you think.

   Before we start, I am going to ask you to put aside the traditional thought that gravity is an unidirectional force. If you cannot put that out of your mind, at least for a short time, what I'm going to tell you will make little sense.

   We have determined gravity and its effects from the larger universe, but there is absolutely no reason or proof that the same gravity equations used in the larger universe have meaning at the microscopic level. So let's assume they do not and see how the universe could be constructed.

   Using point particle analogy I sat down and drew a point on a piece of paper. I called this point the first dimension. I will expand on this later, for I know that a one-dimensional point is infinitely small and has no real bearing on our universe. So I drew this point. I then asked myself what the second dimension would be. Of course it is the paper or a plane, an infinitely large and infinitely thin plane. Now I have a point on a plane which is infinitely thin. But I still had nothing that could really effect our universe because mass in our universe is three-dimensional, therefore there must be thickness to this system before it becomes mass.

   I then asked myself, what if I gave the point energy and caused it to vibrate at right angles to the plane? By doing this, what would my system look like? What I got was a surprise. If the point was attached to the plane and vibrating, it would produce a thickness, or a bulge, in the plane around the vibrating point and the bulge size would correspond to the propagation and resistance properties of the plane, and since the plane is infinite in size it would effect things at a huge distance. If we consider the plane as large as the universe and the point the size of a string which is attached to the plane and is vibrating, you get a picture that looks something like looking at the edge view of a spiral galaxy.

              Oscillating point attached to a two-dimensional plane.

   Now let's take the vibrations of the plane further and relate them to a vibrating string. There are two types of strings: an open string and a closed loop string. The closed loop vibrating string contains the necessary ingredients to produce mass or warp space creating gravity, while the open vibrating string contains energy but no mass. But when vibrating, both strings contain vast amounts of energy. Einstein clearly says that mass and energy are related (E=Mc² ). This means that both types of strings should produce mass, but they do not.

   An open loop string in free space (space with a uniform density) that is vibrating will have equal symmetry, or almost equal symmetry, between the plus and minus vibration of that energy. This type of string will have no mass and will be traveling at the speed of light, thus its time will be zero. At the other end of the scale, such as with the closed string, if you have infinite mass with no motion you also get a time of zero. Time, motion and energy are all interrelated.

   If you drop a pebble into a quiet pond it creates ripples moving outward from the pebble. If the surface of the pond is considered a second-dimensional plane the ripples could be thought of as the energy or vibration of the plane. If you were at the surface of the water and looking towards where the pebble was dropped and it was dark, you would not see the wave coming. Your observation would appear to be two-dimensional because the only time you would know that the wave was coming was when it hit you. The same would be true for a light wave, for you cannot see the light coming until it strikes your eye or detector, and once it had passed you, you again would no longer be able to see it. You can only observe light rays if you are in their direct path. Light cannot be observed from the side. You cannot see light coming nor can you see light going. This means that a light ray to you is two-dimensional energy, for you can only see it one picture frame at a time. If you added time, which you need to do to make your observation, you could call a light wave three-dimensional. Two-dimensional things do not produce spatial distortions that would give you the ability to observe them from all directions. Because the open string has no mass, the entire string is traveling at the speed of light and it is traveling as if it is on a plane.

   A vibrating loop string is composed of energy circulating around a closed loop or doughnut shaped two-dimensional structure. This type of energy vibration is confined. The loop structure itself is not traveling at the speed of light. It is the vibrating energy that is contained in the loop that is traveling at the speed of light. Loop strings generate mass and mass cannot travel at the speed of light.

   Let's consider the energy vibration of the loop string as its first dimension and the movement of energy around the loop as its second dimension. We now have a vibration traveling around a donut-shaped two-dimensional plane. But this still does not produce a three-dimensional particle. Or does it? Since the energy which is vibrating the loop is inherently tied to the loop as a swing point and is traveling at the speed of light, and if we consider the speed of light a constant, the vibration becomes non-symmetrical because the energy is moving around in a circle. This means the energy’s motion is constantly curving in space.

   As the energy wave travels away from the string loop it has to travel a greater distance than the wave traveling on the inside of the loop. This produces an extreme imbalance of energy over time. To keep energy constant time or motion has to change, and since motion cannot change, time does. This all happens because of the confined energy density that the loop causes which in effect changes the motion of the wave by delaying it, or in effect concentrating it. (A greater energy density creates a slower time and a delay in motion, much like what I previously explained using my magic crystal.) This effect creates an extremely dense area inside the loop and a diminishing density outside the loop along the plane. This maintains the necessary symmetry of energy and balances out vibrational energy.

   These time differences force the plane to bulge creating a three-dimensional object. It does this mostly inside the string loop and secondly outside the string loop along the plane. On the outside of the loop the fattening of the plane decreases in thickness as it moves away from the loop. The inside of the loop now contains a vast amount of energy in an extremely small space creating the basic particle structure we see today.

   Now since the energy traveling around the loop is traveling at the speed of light another condition exists, and that is the force generated by this action. Simply stated, because the string loop itself is so small, like 10^-33 cm, the energy is rotating about 10⁴⁴ revolutions per second around the loop.

   It is only because the energy in the loop is massless that the centrifugal force does not tear the string loop to pieces. But the energy of the loop is producing a spatial distortion, which causes mass, so there must be some gyroscopic action, and any acceleration or movement of the particle will produce a resistance to that movement.

   Inside the loop there is an extreme gravitational distortion but outside the loop, or in the plane, that distortion diminishes rapidly as it expands outward. If we only look at the plane outside the loop we see that it is very thin and extends out to the edge of the universe. This means that the plane is the gravitational distortion we observe in our world since we are stipulating that gravity is not an unidirectional force. In other words you can be very close to the string loop bulge itself and not experience any gravitational pull until you cross the second-dimensional plane of the string particle. It is in this plane that you experience a space-time distortion, or a gravity effect, and in no other place unless you actually get extremely close to the vibrating loop itself. This of course is very difficult to do because of the rotational speed of the energy in the loop. This is why the gravitational field of a particle is so weak when there is so much energy stored in the loop string. There is no particular reason why one must cancel out energy in order to reduce the Planck energy of the particle to bring it to a level of mass that is common to our universe.

   Now let’s look at this a little closer.

   As I understand it, a string is considered a one-dimensional thing, but it is not a point. It is more like an infinitely long point, or basically it is just like a piece of string. The loop string has properties to produce mass while the open string does not. These strings can be very short or very long and loops can be small or large and strings can vibrate at a multiple of frequencies. The lowest frequency of vibration in a loop has to do with its mass. Strings can only vibrate in multiples of their fundamental vibration. The fewer vibrations that are in the loop the less mass the string has. You will get more mass with more vibrations or with a larger loop.

   The higher the frequency of the vibration the more energy contained in the loop, just as the higher the frequency of radiation the more energy that radiation contains. (When I refer to radiation I am referring to the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation from the lowest frequency RF to light and gamma rays and so forth.) The string is also flexible; it can change its shape, its size, and even its length, giving it the quality to produce an infinitely large number of different vibrational patterns. Even with all the ten-dimensional properties of string theory it has not been able to explain the mass contained in our everyday particles. String theory just has too many solutions.

   When something vibrates it usually vibrates around some base line giving it the properties of a plus and minus condition (our reference of course), so when the string vibrates it has peaks and valleys in which there is a center, or zero point, of the vibration. In other words, the string vibrates around some perceived reference. If the string was straight and in flat space the positive and negative vibration of the energy would be a perfect sine-wave and equal on both sides of the string creating a balanced energy system. But no open string is ever straight because the energy of the vibration will always cause it to have some curvature. So the open string does create an unbalanced energy vibration which produces its propagational properties.

    This means that the loop string will have a far greater unbalanced energy because the plus and minus of the vibration has to run around a confined loop. The loop size will cause the vibration to have a certain frequency because of the loop’s confinement. This frequency is called a resonance in our everyday life and is used in the design of most all of our electronic circuits. Any other vibrations will become multiples of the fundamental frequency.

   Now instead of a point of energy vibrating on a plane we place the two-dimensional vibrating loop string on the plane. With this type of vibration we see that only the positive or the negative peaks of the vibration can exist at the center of the loop when we use the loop itself as the reference center of energy.

   It is well understood that positive’s energy will cancel out negative’s energy. But as I said before, can you really cancel energy in this way when you are dealing with non-solid waves? We can cancel electrical properties in this manner, but canceling out the electrical properties does not cancel out the energy that these properties have when dealing with waves in free space. Two solid objects colliding will cancel out each other’s motion, but waves in free space only do so at one instant of time along their path of travel providing the waves are perfectly matched.

   The string loop, where the plus and minus energy vibrations center on, now becomes the horizon of the particle and produces the characteristic fields associated with it. The string loop, or swing point, of the energy vibration now becomes the particle’s surface we see. Here the inside of the loop now resembles the gravitational field of the earth. At the center of the string loop there is a huge spacial density while the horizon of the string has the greatest spacial distortion. Gravity is caused by a spacial distortion. This distortion extends outward along the plane to the edge of the universe. The distortion in the plane is very small and will produce an extremely weak gravitational effect.

   In this case the particle only exposes the second-dimensional plane of the loop to the rest of the world. If you do not coincide or interject with the plane you will not experience a gravitational attraction to the particle. You will of course ask yourself, how is it that the gravitational field of a large object seems uniform in all directions and not directional like the particle I am describing?

   The reason for this is quite simple. Particles are always in motion for they are rapidly vibrating, jittering with Quantum motion, and spinning. This means that the plane is constantly moving and shifting position, and what we see and measure from this movement of the plane is an average of the plane’s distortion crossing our position. We experience gravity as a series of pulses rather than a constant pull. Since there are literally an infinite number of the plane’s distortions doing this simultaneously we measure a consistent uniform gravitational field. It is from these larger measurements we have determined all our gravitational equations.

   You should by now have grasped the implication of the bulging plane’s structure for it becomes the strong force which is a gravitational distortion and that distortion resembles the gravitational distortion of the inside of a planet with no solid core. The horizon of the string represents the surface of the planet in which the greatest gravitational distortion exists, while at the string's center there is only a gravitational density with no distortion. To move from the inside of the string to the string's horizon is like climbing from the center of the earth to its surface. Here you will have to add energy to accomplish the feat and that energy amount will increase until you reach the horizon of the particle. This is a simple reversal of what you get from the surface of the horizon outward along the plane where the distortion will diminish taking less energy to move away from the particle. This is unlike the earth’s gravity where if you were to move away from the particle’s horizon, other than the plane, you would almost immediately be free of the particle’s influence, or strong force. This of course excludes the particle’s electrical properties. This states that you could be very close to the particle itself and not experience a gravitational pull unless you actually cross the plane created by the particle.

   For all practical purposes with the scenario I have just explained, gravity has always been included in all of our theories. It has just been misunderstood. It also means that there are only three major forces, not four. But wait, as I go forward here, there is a fourth force, although it is not the one you may be thinking about. There is much more to this loop string than you might imagine.

   First, loop strings are not generally single vibrational entities. It is more than likely that the most fundamental vibration of a string represents a fundamental particle. Strings that have a fewer number of vibrations and lower frequencies will have less mass. In this category you could probably place the electron, but the majority of heavier particles more than likely have multiple vibrations consisting of multiple frequencies and string loops of many sizes and spacial distortions. It is also possible that the multiple frequency strings are harboring multiple second-dimensional planes causing the complexity of the string particle to grow dramatically. The more planes produced, the greater the mass of the particle.

   Since the string is so small the energy density at the center of the string, compared to the outside of the string, is huge. This brings us to the point of asking, what is the energy we are dealing with?

   Now that I have combined the gravitational force with the strong force, what about the other two, the electromagnetic force and the weak force, or the electro-weak force?  When energy is released it is released in the form of radiation, or another particle with less energy, but even the other particles when broken up will release radiation or electromagnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. Everything that moves toward greater entropy eventually winds up as radiation. Here we now ask the question about the open and closed loop string, and that is, what is the nature of the energy of the vibration of the two-dimensional string?

   Up until now I have purposely left out the electromagnetic force in this discussion, however I believe it is a significant factor in the energy vibration of the string. In fact it actually becomes an integral part of the vibration of the string. Here the electromagnetic force is directly related to the string’s energy. The two forces, that is the strong force and electromagnetic force, cannot be separated but work in tandem to produce our particles.  In other words, the energy of the plus and minus wave that is traveling via the string or string loop is basically radiation. You could look at this in two ways; either the string vibration creates an electromagnetic response or the electromagnetic wave creates the string vibration.

   It is here that one really wonders what the string is. Thus far I have only been describing it as a piece of string, but a piece of string is made up of something. String theory uses the string analogy as a mathematical representation to describe the characteristics and make-up of particles. Its ten-dimensional characteristics are needed to describe the string’s actions and the properties of particles. This means that the string itself must interface with all other properties of space in order to manipulate energy to produce the world we see today. This gives the string substance, connectivity, polarities and other characteristics in order for it to produce particles. Thus the string must have a spatial force property of its own and you could call this the fourth force. It is the force that holds the string together, for without this force none of the other three forces could happen. The string itself is what ties energy together.

   Let’s start with the open string and tie it to a two-dimensional plane like the surface of a pond. We then vibrate that surface causing it to fluctuate. This fluctuation causes the surface of the pond to move up and down, but that movement has to follow the surface of the pond because the movement is tied to that surface. We know that all energies have a desire to move in a straight line and any deviation from this line takes some external energy. When an electromagnetic wave travels, it travels as if it is traveling on a two-dimensional plane and follows that plane. Since the plane is a spatial distortion it will have a resistance to a change of direction because a spatial distortion is the particle’s connection to the fabric of our universe. When radiation seeks to travel in other than a straight line it produces movement in its plane thus creating a resistance which acts as a feedback loop to the radiation bringing it back to its original course.

   The mass of the closed loop string acts in the same way for it has resistance to curving in space and acceleration. When mass is moved other than in a straight line in space, like the spinning of a weight, a force is generated in the outward direction. It is the plane of the particle that cause a resistance to the direction change. When mass is accelerated, that same resistance is present. The plane now becomes a lagging indicator until the acceleration is stopped. You must use other forces or energies to create these effects which counter-balances all energies. When something travels through a spatial distortion, such as a gravitational field, that distortion is counter-balanced by whatever created the field in the first place. Gravitational fields are time varying and all energies in a gravitational field will seek to follow a zero time path.

   The effect of the plane on the fabric now determines the propagation properties and thickness of the plane’s distortion as it emerges from the string’s horizon. Since the string particle’s size is in the order of Planck’s length, the plane becomes many orders of magnitude smaller, making the mass to energy ratio of the string extremely large. When mass is moved the propagation of the plane’s distortion must be high because the resistance to movement stops as soon as the change of motion stops. Therefore, since the distortion covers billions of light years, that propagation must exceed that of light or a lingering effect would take place.

   Inside a loop string the amount of energy is enormous and it is this energy inside the loop and along the plane that creates the spatial distortion causing time to slow down, thus gravity. But this vibrational energy also has electrical characteristics since it carries with it an electromagnetic field. If all the positive peaks of the radiation are inside the loop, we will get a positive charge associated with that loop. If the negative peaks are inside the loop we will get a negative charge associated with the loop. Secondly, the like charges of the wave will repel each other creating a counter-force within the string loop causing the loop to stop contracting at some point. This happens when loops are formed. I will elaborate on this later. This means that it is the electromagnetic radiation moving in curved space in concentration that causes the spatial distortion creating our three-dimensional system. In this scenario the plane’s vibration and the electromagnetic radiation are acting as one.

   Under these circumstances we can create a positively charged particle or a negatively charged particle. Since the amount of the electrical charge is tremendous it becomes readily observable in our world. But this is only one part of electromagnetic radiation, for this radiation contains a magnetic field and a static electric field. Here the magnetic field is subdued while the static field becomes dominant.

   Mass is the product of the electromagnetic radiation traveling in other than a straight line along the string while gravity, or the spatial distortion that causes gravity, is the result of the energy concentration distorting the two-dimensional plane.

   The string loop now becomes a pocket of energy which is no longer moving through space at the speed of light. What we see when we view a particle is the energy of the string’s vibration and the electromagnetic radiation in a close loop condition. Here the plane is no longer traveling at the speed of light. This is why the loop string has mass, for the string’s mass is created by the plane’s interaction with the fabric. Radiation in loop form appears as a solid object. It is the only time you can really see what light looks like.

   How are loop strings formed? How can the loop hold electromagnetic radiation in such a small confinement? We cannot see the radiation at the loop frequency, but only see it as radiation when it is released as an open string from the loop confinement. When the string is formed, the radiation frequency is not changed, but it is delayed much like in my magic crystal because of the density of the string’s energy. String particles now become solid matter because we cannot enter the energy realm of these particles. Here I will give you some idea of what may be going on.

   In this example I am going to start with an atom. We then bombard this atom until it releases energy. Let's call this energy a photon. The photon then travels from this atom through space to a detector which converts the photon’s energy back to an energy state that releases another electron from my detection device. The process is simple; convert energy to a photon particle, or radiation, then capture the radiation and convert it back to its original form.

   I am assuming here that all particles are some form of loop strings. But loop strings have an extreme variety of strengths. Many of these particles have very weak vibrations, therefore very weak loop-holding properties. These loop strings can be opened up with little external force. When a vibrating loop string opens, the mass that was created by the loop vanishes and the string expands rapidly in order to re-balance its plus and minus vibrations to a free space condition. The rapid expansion becomes obvious when you think of the size of the loop string, for here we are starting from the Planck-size doughnut with its interior containing enormous amounts of energy and releasing that energy. This energy, or radiation, now a photon, travels through space as an open string on its self-prescribed plane. The open string then collides with the atom in my detector thus gaining energy which closes the string once more causing it to loop. When the string’s mass reappears the forward motion of the string stops and the particle reappears. This excess energy in my detector atom knocks out an electron indicating that I received a photon of energy.

   This sequence of events makes you wonder about the structure of the loop string itself. For instance, let's say at the beginning, or the big bang, there was nothing but open strings which were vibrating with tremendous amounts of electromagnetic energy. To us, these string vibrations are basically radiation. At the beginning of the bang the energy density was so great that the strings could not loop, but in time, when the energy density dropped, a large number of these strings closed themselves to loops. These loops were huge and covered a great deal of space. But when the loop closes there is a difference of time inside the loop compared to the outside of the loop. The slower time inside creates a spacial distortion which creates motion in that direction. The string now starts to take on mass by creating a new plane’s structure from that of the open string. Thus the loop shrinks creating an even greater time distortion. This process continues until the loop becomes about the size of Planck’s length, at which point the inside counter-forces of the contraction are sufficient to stop the loop from contracting further and a balance of energy is created thus forming a stable particle.

   This means that loop strings are self-generating when sufficient energy is available. They are generated from the open vibrating string. When a loop string is opened the energy that was confined to the loop will expand rapidly towards its original condition before the loop was formed. You could call this an inflationary condition and why radiation is the outcome when higher energy sources are reduced to lower energy sources.

   In essence, this says that radiation is the main driving force which creates all mass in the first place. If there was no energy to vibrate a string into a radiation condition no mass could be created. So it is possible that the initial energy of our universe was radiation which was tied to an open plane. The plane of the string is the glue that keeps the radiation coherent so its forces do not just fly apart.

   Radiation is two-dimensional and expresses itself at right angles to the two-dimensional plane, or the spatial distortion, of the particle. If the electron’s energy is released by opening the electron’s loop, a vast amount of energy would be released as radiation. But we know that electrons are not that easily destroyed, so where does this radiation come from when we bombard our atoms? For the most part our atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are held together by the strong force while the electrons are held in orbit by the electrical force. The energy required to remove an electron from orbit is small compared to separating a neutron and proton, but when they do separate, energy is released in the form of radiation.

   So which string loops are opened when a separation takes place? Obviously it was not the breakdown of the electron, proton or neutron of the atom. So the breakdown and release of energy came from the forces holding the two particles together. But it takes the insertion of energy to get energy out. If I insert a photon of energy into an atom to release an electron it simply replaces or nullifies the binding force energy, therefore releasing the electron. In this case it is not necessary to have a binding particle because you are simply driving the electron away with another force.

   Do we really need force particles? When we remove an electron from an atom we remove it by giving the electron more energy, or nullifying the charge between the electron and the nucleus of the atom. But the removal may only be temporary, for the energy that released the electron is not always captured by the atom and held there. Once the energy is dissipated the atom’s charge returns and it attacks another electron. Was there a force particle actually exchanged in this process or is it simply an energy exchange?

   Are force particles, the ones that come out of our atom smashers, created by the energy in the particle’s collision and are not necessarily ingrained in the atoms themselves? It is quite possible that the field structure of the atom can capture open strings and it is these strings that we see emerge from the collision since the plane and its electrical properties are the part of the particle that produces the binding forces. These captured strings become a part of those binding forces, thus when they are added or removed from the field structure they enhance or weaken the forces holding the atom together.

   The strong force which holds the nucleus together would emanate from a point close in to where the plane leaves the string’s horizon. The weak force would be derived from the string’s horizon other than along the plane. The electrical properties would be derived from the concentration of charges inside the loop and outside where they are subsequently returned via the plane. The gravitational distortion and its return I will speak of later. The strength of all of these fields apparently can be influenced by other strings. It is these strings that can change the binding force’s strength.

   Quantum jitter is a very interesting outcome of Quantum Mechanics. The jitter is said to have negative energy, and it is this energy that cancels out the vibration of the string’s energy leaving only a tiny bit left over that produces mass, which of course causes gravity. But what causes the jitter and why is it made up of negative energy? Jitter can be perceived as the vibration of an object. If this object is a jittering string particle it means the whole string is vibrating and causing negative energy which is in almost perfect synchronization with the string’s vibration. How the jitter becomes negative I do not know, nor do I believe you can create negative energy by simply wobbling something.

   To me this sounds like the jitter of the string is simply caused by an imbalance of energy, much like a top will wobble when spinning if it is unbalanced. For example, the moon revolves around the earth causing the earth to wobble in its path around the sun. But if the moon was in an extreme elliptical orbit around the earth the earth would wobble a great deal more compared to what it does now. This is simply due to the equal and opposite reactions of mass in free space. If the energy rotating around a string loop is unbalanced it will cause the string to wobble erratically. This wobble will depend on the nature of the energy vibration rotating within the loop. This becomes possible because the loop itself is movable, bendable and stretchable. Because the string is constantly in the state of motion the erratic vibration, or jitter, could be great and thus the jitter and the vibration are, in a sense, synchronous with each other. This jitter caused by the vibration causes the confinement pressure which is the pressure seen when trying to confine a particle.

   This jitter can be extremely wild and if the particle that is jittering has an electrical charge or field these fields can be introduced into nearby particles. These extended fields give the impression that the particle is not where you think it is. This may have a lot to do with the uncertainty principles and why probabilities are needed to locate a particle.

   Quantum tunneling is extremely interesting. Tunneling was predicted, verified, and is based on probabilities. There is a probability that one could pass through a solid wall and not be affected by the wall. But the probability is astronomical and far exceeds the life of the universe. Being more down to earth, semiconductor devices use this effect quite efficiently as switches and amplifiers. But these devices are only using electrons to pass through very thin barriers. It is not at all understood exactly how this happens or exactly the speed at which the electron is transferred from one side of the barrier to the other and why this effect has to be determined by probabilities.

   Because a spatial distortion is caused by the particle plane’s structure there might be an explanation to this tunneling effect. Since the electron has a small mass it therefore probably has a low vibration. Also this vibration has a high probability of passing through its zero energy point for an instant of time, or if it has more than one vibration it has a probability of a cancellation point at some point of time. Now if you place the electron under pressure by an external magnetic or static field against a barrier and the plane of the electron faces through the barrier, you could get a probability that the vibrations could all cross the zero energy point of their transition at the same time. This would mean that the electron mass would simply vanish for an instant. At this time the second-dimensional energy loop of the string could slide through the plane across the barrier. The electron then would re-emerge on the other side of the barrier as its vibrations continued on.

   This whole process would be very critical on timing, but in the process no energy would be lost or gained. The electron would simply disappear at one point because it was no longer three-dimensional, then travel through the two-dimensional plane and re-emerge. There would of course be critical distances on how far this movement could happen due to the length of time of the zero crossing, providing of course that there are no time distortions within the plane. But due to the high concentration of energy in the plane it is possible that a time delay will occur, thus keeping the vibrational energy in the crossing point for a longer period of time, thus the distance of the tunneling would be lengthened.

   This means that you could actually transfer particles from one point in space to another using a very small amount of energy. But as particles become more complicated by the addition of more vibrations or complex vibrations, the probability of this transfer not happening becomes higher and higher. So it does not appear to be, at this time, a practical thing to do with more complex particles.

Open String Propagation

   Radiation travels at the speed of light and in a straight line but the string that holds radiation together is always curved. The more energy in the radiation the more curvature it has. If the radiation intensity is high enough you can produce a particle. This means that the open string will close itself and produce a loop string when sufficient energy is present. Here it is clear that the electromagnetic radiation causes an imbalance in the string itself producing the curvature. This imbalance causes the propagation. The straight line action of the propagation, as mentioned before, is because any deviation by the radiation from a straight line in space will produce a small amount of spatial resistance to a change of direction. This resistance keeps the radiation from changing its course. It is a simple feedback loop caused by the space fabric to maintain the conservation of energy. Radiation follows its two-dimensional plane.

   One more aspect of this is the effect of acceleration. When you accelerate an object you get an initial resistance to that acceleration. This resistance is caused by the momentary in-balance in the plane’s structure when an object is accelerated. Space does not differentiate between an object curving in space and an object accelerating in space. Straight line acceleration produces the same effect as an object curving in space. One is just called a centrifugal force.

Matter and Antimatter

   Anti-matter is a mystery, at least to me. I have read no theory of why anti-matter exists and why it is always created when a particle is created. There is no anti-wave when waves are formed; it seems that only particles with mass have an anti-particle. What are these anti-matter particles and where do they come from? An electron has a positron and virtually every particle has a corresponding anti-particle and that even includes the force particles. Anti-particles are said to have the same mass as their corresponding regular particles but have an opposite spin and polarity. In fact there is very little that explains the spin of a particle other than the particle is rotating something like the earth is rotating.

   I am confused when one tries to explain right-handed spin and left-handed spin for if I were to look at something spinning and look at it from the top it would be rotating in one direction, let's say clockwise, but if I were to look at the same object from the bottom it would be going counter-clockwise, so how could one distinguish what direction spin means? But when spin is measured in our accelerators or atom smashers it is measured in a field, therefore it has a reference in comparison to other particles. But this is not the case if you're thinking of two independent particles in space where there is no reference telling you which one is spinning which way. This implies that there is some sort of global reference that tells each particle that one is different from the other. String theory does mention local and global characteristics of particles implying that there is some form of spatial fabric or structure which influences our basic particle’s structure. This has to do with the six curled up spatial dimensions in superstring theory.

   In the scenario that I have proposed, when an open string gathers enough energy it will close by connecting its ends forming a loop string. Then the loop will collapse forming the string particle. The energy in the string is moving at the speed of light so when the loop is formed that energy must now move around the loop so it is rotating quite rapidly in a curved path in space which creates the mass we experience.

   But there is a problem with this energy rotation and that is how this energy, when going from an open string to this closed loop, can rotate in free space. As you know the only way to rotate something in free space is by emitting some form of energy like a small retro-rocket would do. If you were an astronaut floating outside your ship and you did not have some form of propulsion with you to move you around you would find it impossible to make yourself spin. To do so you need an equal and opposite reaction force. Since we cannot use this global space reference to push against we are simply dead in space.

   Here is where the scenario of string theory I propose might answer the anti-matter particle mystery.

   At the instant of time when an open vibrating string forms a loop the radiation that was moving forward at the speed of light is now forced to move in a continuous change of direction in space or in a circle. To do this the energy must push against something. Without a counter-force the continued propagation of the wave in a loop cannot happen. So to conserve the forward motion of energy the wave creates a counter-loop with opposite polarity and with it spins in the opposite direction of the main loop. This divides the loop’s energy but keeps the energy in motion. Thus, in effect, the loop duplicates itself creating its anti-matter particle. It does this because the energy content of the string must be conserved.

                String energy rotation counter-clockwise.
 
                           

                                                                                     String energy clockwise.

                                               The string’s vibrating energy must produce
                                               a counter-force to continue its propagation.
                                               This counter-force energy becomes the
                                               anti-matter particle.

   Anti-matter is simply the counter-force needed to continue the vibrating wave propagation in the loop string. Without this counter-force the energy in the loop would have nothing to push against to cause it to propagate around the loop thus the loop could not be formed.

The Big Bang

   This concept of particle formation brings about a very interesting scenario regarding the big bang, if indeed the big bang did occur. Let's take a quick look at it in this regard. First, if radiation is the main culprit in causing mass it is possible that the big bang occurred in a little different fashion as one might have visualized. In this example the original big bang was nothing but concentrated radiation. Because radiation is made up of open strings it does not carry mass so at the beginning of the big bang there was no gravity as we know it. This radiation was extremely dense and had the properties of light and heat and was somewhat confined to certain frequencies. Whatever created this initial burst of energy I do not know but it was intense and started to expand into the universe because that is what open strings do. Since strings have a desire to curl at certain energy levels they started to do so as soon as the radiation’s energy level dropped, thus string loops formed carrying the characteristics of that radiation with them. This means that the loop vibration represents the frequency vibration of the radiation that the open strings contained at the time the loop was formed.

   So the string loop particles that were formed were very much identical in nature. They could have been electrons, quarks, or any other number of particles. In this process the vast amount of particles were formed in stages of the expansion and then mixed up later to form our atoms. Each stage of the expansion would have different energy levels and frequency of radiation, therefore would produce different types of particles as the expansion took place. Quarks would be produced at one stage while electrons would be produced at another stage and so on.

   When a string loop is created it then collapses under its own self-contraction mode to a very small particle. When it does this it takes with it a very large amount of radiation energy and in the process creates mass. So on the outer edges of the big bang expansion we see radiation simply disappearing because that radiation was being gobbled up by the open strings creating closed strings. When closed strings are made mass is created and a gravitational distortion is formed and all this new mass is on the outside of the expanding big bang. This new mass starts to impede the progress of the expansion and eventually stops it. All this mass causes the expansion to implode but the amount of heat and energy inside is tremendous thus tearing apart some of the newly created particles and releasing their energy, once again bringing about a re-expansion. In this cycling process more and more mass is created and thrown out into the universe with such velocity that they escape the influence of the big bang itself. In most cases the mass was thrown far enough away from the initial blast that it could not produce a gravitational force sufficient to produce a black hole which, of course, would have stopped the initial expansion and the universe would never have been created. This could answer the question of why the big bang was able to explode when it had so much energy and mass in such a small area. It simply should have created a black hole and the universe should not exist.

   Can the plane actually extend out to the edge of the universe? And if it does, is its distortion subject to the speed of light? In this scenario the only thing subject to the speed of light is radiation which, of course, now makes up everything we know about in our universe, including mass. Of course this clearly states that if we are made up of radiation we of course cannot travel faster than radiation and that energy necessary to try and reach the speed of light becomes infinite.

   But here the plane is an independent entity in itself although it and radiation work together and cannot be separated therefore it is not necessarily subject to the velocity we call the speed of light. The plane has the ability to carry and transfer radiation much like the air has the ability to transfer and carry sound waves. The plane of the string apparently is part of the structural content of the fabric. The plane can connect with other planes; it can loop and it can un-connect almost at will. Radiation and the plane is the outcome of what the introduction into the fabric of energy creates. To the plane of the string the apparent size of our universe might only be a few inches because it is not restrained by the speed of light, therefore making it quite possible that the plane continuously senses the whole universe.

The Ten Dimensions

   Are the ten dimensions in string theory really just ten characteristics of something instead of a mythical or an un-comprehensible entity of space time? I have always had a difficult time understanding dimensions, mainly because everybody says that it is impossible for our minds in this three-dimensional world to comprehend anything over three dimensions. I just could not believe that the world is made up of a bunch of mythical characteristics that we will never be able to understand. So I look at dimensions a little differently than others. I call them characteristics or properties instead of dimensions. A three-dimensional system has three basic characteristics, all of which can be understood when we are talking about mass, therefore energy, other than mass, does not appear to be three-dimensional which leaves it to exist in other forms.

   String theory is built upon a ten-dimensional system with one of the ten dimensions being that of time. Time of course is always added on to our equations because it is how we detect and measure things, therefore basically string theory is nine-dimensional.

   Out of the nine dimensions, three dominate and create matter, but the other six cannot be separated from these dominate three therefore each of the three must have three dimensions of their own. When I talk about any one of the three basic dimensions I mean that they each actually have three characteristics which define them. This says that two of the three characteristics of that one dimension are suppressed, or what today's physicists would call curled up. So my first dimension has three dimensions or characteristics with one dominate and two suppressed. Now my second dimension also has three characteristics with one dominant and two suppressed, but this second dimension is directly tied to my first dimension, therefore these two dimensions are in fact working together to perform a function. Now I have six dimensions, four suppressed, and two dominant. Following this line of thought my third dimension also has three characteristics; again two are suppressed and one dominant and they are tied to the other two dimensions. This leaves us with nine total dimensions or characteristics; six are suppressed and three are dominant. It is the three dominants’ characteristics that makes up the numerous types of particles in our world.

   When we maneuver the three dominant characteristics we cause the sub-characteristics to change. It takes three dimensions to make up mass but the energy that makes up this mass comes from radiation which is a two-dimensional part of our three-dimensional system. This is why radiation does not curve space time, at least the space time that causes gravity.

   To take this scenario further we could also say that each of the nine dimensions or characteristics must each have three dimensions of their own, which would mean a 27 dimensional state, or 28 dimensions when adding in time. String theory talks a lot about a 26 dimensional state and, when re-normalized (compacted), comes down to three dimensions to fit the characteristics of the particles in our world. These thoughts really make one wonder how far down does the structure of our universe lie or is there really no end at all.

   Does gravity or the spatial distortion that is created from a loop string have a counter-part? Is gravity really different from all the other forces which have an opposing side or polarity? Is the gravity field really as large as the universe? Is it possible that the plane’s distortion could extend outward billions of light years and then loop around to the other side of itself, thus balancing the gravitational pull with a push and making gravity conform to the conservation of energy?

   This question still haunts me, for I find no reason why the gravitational pull should not have a counter-gravitational push. All other forces have a counter-force so is it possible that in this scenario of gravity which I have given you we could find this counter-force. With the plane’s structures which I have described one can indeed find a counter-balancing force to make gravity a balanced system. This type of scenario could explain why the universe is not obeying the gravitational laws we have set forth.

   Using the plane’s structure as our model, we find that the center core, or the bulge of the plane, is what we experience as our particles. The plane’s structure which now extends outward thins as it moves away from the bulge and is the part of the particle which connects the particle to our universe. This connection of the plane produces the particle’s mass we measure. But does this plane’s structure thin outward to the edge of the universe? This is unlikely, for all particles have a definite field size and influence. All fields or forces have a return which balances out that force. So as the plane extends outward the plane should separate at some point creating a field loop which extends back around to the other side of the plane. A simple sketch may help you visualize this better.

   Here the field structure of the plane extends outward from the bulge looking something like my drawing above showing a loop for the top half of the plane and a loop for the bottom half. So let’s trace this gravitational distortion from the bulge outward. At the bulge we have an extreme gravitational spatial distortion, however as we move out along the plane the distortion diminishes in strength until at some point outward, let’s say a few billion light-years outward, the plane’s distortion becomes parallel with itself, or what I would call uniform in density, therefore it does not have a gravitational influence. But as we move further out on the plane it separates once more in order to create the field loop which it has generated. This separation now creates a time distortion opposite that of which the bulge created, thus balancing out the inward attraction with an outworked attraction, because of the distortion at the outer edge of the plane. The main difference is that at the bulge the spatial distortion is concentrated while its counter-part is diluted because of the huge amount of space that the plane now occupies.

   Mass in the outer portion of the plane will not be attracted to the particle creating the plane but will appear to be pushed away from the particle. The reality is the mass will be attracted away from the particle. Because the time in the outer portion like the time in the inner portion of the plane will be slower as one moves further away from the particle. Objects move toward slower time areas. This effect is limited to the plane’s expansion area which is now defining the particle’s size.

   This means that the gravitational influence of a particle or mass does have a limitations and does not necessarily expand its influence to the entire universe. This brings the gravitational field of a particle in line with the other force fields associated with particles, meaning that the gravitational properties of particles or mass is not mythical in nature but can be truly understood. Here the gravitational fields do not have a one-sided attraction but carry with them an opposite attraction which could be called a push or an anti-gravitational force. Since a particle now has a size limit, there is no gravitational influence or mass connection to the universe outside the particle’s plane distortion.

   What does this mean to our conception of how the universe works? It says that the gravitational influence throughout space is not uniform. There may be areas in space that contain a weaker or stronger gravitational spatial distortion than other areas of space. There may be plane’s alignments which produce denser gravitational effects which will cause objects or planets to congregate in these areas. This type of action could produce the spiral galaxies we observe and why spiral galaxies are shaped like they are. It also means that at some distance away from the particle along its plane, there will occur a gravitational push rather than an attraction. It is believed the universe at some point is accelerating outward faster than it should. This outward push could be generated by the outer edge of the planes. Due to the size and complexity of the universe it is difficult to say where and how these outer edges of plane’s fields may start this push, but it becomes clear that the creation of dark energy, or dark matter, is not necessary to explain why the universe is acting the way it is.

   I have mentioned earlier that I believe the universe will eventually collapse because the total amount of energy and mass present in the universe would cause it to do so. However in this scenario a certain amount of mass in the universe would in fact continue to expand outward once it has reached the critical distances between masses. If this critical distance lies in the area of eight to ten billion light-years and the mass contained enough motion energy to continue the separation, the counter-force of the plane’s field would then take over and the mass in this part of the universe would expand forever. This may be in fact what is now happening, although it also means that a portion of the mass in the universe will not reach this critical distance and would indeed re-collapse leaving the outer portion to continue its expansion.

   These last thoughts may be reaching to an extreme, but I close my mind to nothing when trying to deal with the nature of gravity, for until we get a better understanding of it we must keep an open mind. There are many strange things happening in our world that are not explained. They are usually non-reproducible with experiments. They crop up unexpectedly and vanish just as fast. I will only speak of one here. Many people have expressed the feeling that they have experienced some form of communication with another person, usually in the time of stress or peril. They have experienced some event by someone else virtually on the other side of the world. When these other people were contacted many indeed did experience such a happening. We could call this mental telepathy. These types of things are usually rare and cannot be explained, nor can they be duplicated, but there have been many people who have experienced them.

   With the above scenario where gravity is expressed in the universe by a thin plane’s distortion, one might find an answer to this type of experience. It is quite possible that more than one particle exists on the same plane with other particles, or the planes are linked creating large sheets connecting particles. It is also possible that many particle planes may be aligned with other particle planes producing what one might call the universal string that contains vast amounts of energy but is virtually non-detectable unless you cross that particular point of space that the planes occupy. Here we might ask, if there are electron planes connected to the planes of other electrons what might happen? It might be possible that electron movements in one place could in effect communicate that movement to an electron on the same plane with it where it could duplicate the movement. In this manner information could be transferred from one place to another through the plane’s structure of our particles and the speed at which this could occur would not necessarily be that of light. The planes would also have no physical barriers to stop this information transfer.

   To prove this it would take some very sensitive detectors. Our biological structure has some extremely sensitive systems we are unaware of. In this scenario information could be transferred from one being to another with very little energy being expended and there would be no barrier, including the earth, that could stop or slow down the event.

   I have just taken you through a thought pattern based on an extremely simple-minded sketch of nothing more than a dot drawn on a piece of paper. It does show you what a very active imagination can do. String theory has never been visualized, and until it is it will not be solved.

   The main thrust of this article is that gravity may not be unidirectional in the microscope world and there is no proof that it is. Scientists a long time ago believed that matter was solid to its core but then learned later it was not solid at all but was made up of smaller particles which seemed solid. Still later they learned that even these particles are not solid. There is a mind set that gravity acts the same at all levels of matter and it may be that this belief is why our theories at some point run into brick walls. Quantum theory and string theory could become one if we break this mind set. Gravity is not one-sided and it is not mythical. Our universe is made up in discreet steps and each step follows a set of laws. Without these laws the universe could not hold itself together and the conservation of energy would not be valid.

   This whole exercise can show you how to open your mind and think out of the narrow confines of too many facts which may or may not be correct, to visualize the real meaning of what our math is telling us. You will find many inadequacies and holes in this scenario but you’ll also find it very interesting and thought provoking. This scenario does offer many ways of verification and the possibility of concentrating gravitational fields by using the electrical properties of particles. If you could align the plane of electrons you could create a concentrated spatial distortion, but mind you, electrons have very little mass and it would take a vast quantity of them to produce a visible or measurable effect. Unfortunately other particles with more mass would not have the plane’s structure or electrical characteristics to create such an alignment. The problem only gets worse the more one thinks about it. The possibility of transferring mass through the plane’s structure is there and it immediately brings your mind to the transporter room of the Enterprise, but for now the electron is probably the only particle we could possibly influence in this scenario.

   Keep your thoughts running and your vision open when it comes to gravity for only then will we indeed solve this problem. These are my ideas; please send me yours.  

Your comments are always welcomed at.    gravity@gravityms.com 

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Author  Cliff Clinton     copyrighted 28 February 2004